Graduate School of
International Relations and
Pacific
Studies (IR/PS)
Building 4, Level 1
Robinson Building Complex
The Master of Pacific International Affairs (MPIA)
Requirements for Admission
Students interested in pursuing the MPIA degree program at UC San Diego’s Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS) must have earned a BA, or its equivalent, from an institution of comparable standing to the University of California. A minimum grade point average of 3.0 or better in undergraduate course work or prior graduate study is required for admission. Undergraduate preparation that includes one or more of the following areas is strongly encouraged: the social sciences (specifically economics and political science), quantitative methods (such as calculus and statistics), foreign language, and related area studies courses. The admissions committee looks for students with previous professional employment, a history of meaningful international experience, and demonstrated leadership ability.
Applicants are required to submit the following: an online UC San Diego application for graduate study (http://graduateapp.ucsd.edu); two official transcripts from each college or university attended; three letters of recommendation; a résumé or curriculum vitae; a personal statement; a Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) score report. Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores are also required of international applicants whose native language is not English and whose undergraduate education was conducted in a language other than English. A minimum score of 550 on the paper/pencil version and a minimum score of 213 on the computer-based version of the TOEFL are required. For further details regarding the application process, procedures, and deadlines, please visit http://irps.ucsd.edu and click on “Programs.”
Orientation tours are available for all prospective applicants who would like further information about the MPIA program. Tours assist prospective applicants in becoming better acquainted with IR/PS’s MPIA program and in understanding how the program might relate to their long-term career goals. To sign up for a tour, please contact the IR/PS Office of Admissions at (858) 534-5914 or e-mail irps-apply@ucsd.edu.
The MPIA is a two-year, full-time program.
The MPIA Curriculum
The MPIA curriculum (ninety-eight units) is made up of a set of core disciplinary and skill-oriented courses (thirty-eight units), a regional specialization (eight units), the foreign language requirement (up to twenty-four units), a professional career track (twenty units), and unstructured electives.
Core Curriculum
The core curriculum is designed to integrate diverse subject areas such as international management, international relations, applied economics, and comparative public policy. It comprises the following courses:
Globalization, the World System and the Pacific (IRCO 412)
Managerial Economics (IRCO 401)
Policy Making Processes (IRCO 400)
Quantitative Methods (IRCO 453 and IRCO 454)
International Politics and Security (IRCO 410)
International Economics (IRCO 403)
Finance (IRCO 421)
Accounting (IRCO 420)
Capstone course—Students must choose at least one of the following: Managerial Decision Making (IRCO 460), Business and Government in the Global Economy (IRCO 461), Public Policy Workshop (IRCO 462), Strategy and Negotiation (IRCO 463), The Corporation in the Global Economy (IRCO 464), Institutional Engineering (IRGN 490), or Applied Financial Management (IRGN 490).
The Regional Specialization
The regional specialization is made up of two designated courses on the economy and political system of a student’s chosen country or region. All students must complete a regional specialization, and may choose from among the following five options: Latin America, Japan, Korea, China, and Southeast Asia.
The Foreign Language Requirement
IR/PS considers foreign language competency to be an indispensable skill for international relations professionals. The foreign language requirement is designed to ensure that students achieve a level of competency to assist in their global interactions. The foreign language requirement may be satisfied in any one of three ways: (a) native speaker ability; (b) completing six quarters (four semesters) of college-level language instruction from UC San Diego or a comparable institution, with a grade of B or better in the final course; or (c) passing a special IR/PS-administered language exam, which is the equivalent of the final exam administered in the sixth-quarter course in the selected language. The foreign language requirement may be partially or wholly completed prior to matriculation at IR/PS. Please contact the IR/PS Student Affairs for additional information.
Students must fulfill the foreign language requirement in a language that corresponds to their elected region of specialization. Students may select either Brazilian Portuguese or Spanish when studying Latin America. Students specializing in China, Japan, or Korea, must study Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, respectively. Students electing to specialize in Southeast Asia may study Bahasa Indonesian, Chinese, Thai, or another approved regional language. Please contact the IR/PS Student Affairs for further information.
Beyond the basic language requirement, IR/PS also offers the option of certification of more advanced language proficiency for students who choose to pursue further language study. Students pursuing advanced language skills are strongly encouraged to undertake significant language study prior to coming to IR/PS.
The proficiency examination is administered by appointment throughout the academic year. Students may take the exam once free of charge in a language for which IR/PS currently provides instructional support. Please consult with the IR/PS Student Affairs for additional information.
A variety of language courses is offered by UC San Diego. IR/PS offers four-unit language courses for international relations professionals in Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish at the intermediate or advanced levels. In addition, subject to demand, courses in Bahasa Indonesian or other Pacific Rim languages may be offered. Students electing to study a foreign language for which IR/PS instructional support is not offered must secure their own language instruction and funding. Course credit for self-supported language learning may be given upon evaluation and approval of the IR/PS faculty. Please contact the IR/PS Student Affairs for additional information.
Students are placed in foreign language courses based on prior preparation and on the results of a placement test administered during orientation.
Career Tracks
Beyond the core curriculum, the regional specialization, and the foreign language requirement, students are offered an array of career tracks from which to choose. The career tracks provide an opportunity to focus on a specialized professional career path and to work closely with other students and faculty who share similar interests. A career track consists of five courses (twenty units). Each track combines two required courses and three electives chosen from a prescribed list. All students must complete a career track. A student whose interests do not fall within the existing range of tracks may complete the Self-Design track, and create a tailor-made package of courses in consultation with their faculty adviser. Currently, IR/PS offers the following career tracks:
International Management
International Politics
International Environmental Policy
Public Policy
International Economics
International Development and Nonprofit Management
Electives
Students may use remaining units to take electives across the range of IR/PS courses in management, political science, economics, regional studies, and language, as well as (with approval) courses offered elsewhere on campus. The number of elective units available to a student will vary, depending on factors such as prior language study. Prospective students are advised to consult the IR/PS Office of Admissions for a full list of elective courses currently offered. No more than four non-IR/PS courses will be allowed to count toward the MPIA degree and all must be petitioned for formal approval.
Education Abroad Program
Students are encouraged to participate in the Education Abroad Program (EAP) in their second year of study. Though this may necessitate a third year of study to meet MPIA requirements, the opportunity provides unparalleled experience in the selected regional study area and language. By petition, certain credits earned through EAP may be applied to the MPIA degree requirements.
Dual Degree Programs
Students may concurrently pursue a juris doctor (JD) or master of science in legal studies (MSLS) degree at the University of San Diego (USD) School of Law with the MPIA degree at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego (UC San Diego).
Students must apply to and be independently accepted into both programs under each of the campus’ standards and procedures. If admitted to both schools, the admissions committee from both institutions will consider your selection for participation in the program.
Students enrolling in the MPIA/MSLS dual degree program will complete two years of course work at UC San Diego and one year of course work at USD. Students enrolling in the MPIA/JD dual degree program will complete two years of course work at UC San Diego and three years of course work at USD. Students pursuing a dual degree program will normally alternate years at each institution, in a manner agreed on by the student’s advisers and appropriate committees. For example, a student may spend his or her first year at USD, his or her second year at UC San Diego, and so on throughout the program. At least one year at each institution must be completed by the end of three years.
Each institution will accept a small number of course credits from the other institution to satisfy its degree requirements. USD is on a semester system, while UC San Diego continues on a quarter system. Students may petition the faculty of IR/PS to count up to sixteen quarter-units of academic credit earned while enrolled at USD toward the MPIA degree.
MPIA/MSLS and MPIA/JD dual degree students are eligible for six quarters of merit-based and need-based financial support. However, students will not be eligible for financial support from UC San Diego while enrolled at USD.
Career Services
The IR/PS Career Services office provides students with ongoing guidance, expertise, and resources to successfully manage their careers. This personalized process begins before school starts with the Career Development Program, and continues during the two-year program and throughout the students’ careers as alumni.
The Career Services team offers IRPSCAREERS, an online system available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, which has a calendar of events, student profiles, online resumes, and a specialized database of employers with job/internship opportunities. Career consultants are available for daily scheduled appointments or quick consultations for resume writing, cover letters, effective job search strategies, interviewing skills (including videotaped mock interviews), labor market trends, job offer evaluation, and negotiation of total compensation packages. Alumni return to campus often for panels, information sessions, and employer interviews.
Internships
Students are strongly encouraged to participate in a variety of internship programs aligned with their career goals in business and industry, federal and state government, and nonprofit and multilateral organizations. The Career Services office works closely with students and alumni to make connections with global employers in the nonprofit, public, and private sectors based on the students’ interests.
To enhance students’ professional skills, IR/PS strongly recommends that each student participate in an internship during the summer between the first and second year. Students with unpaid summer internships may receive financial support from IR/PS donors. Internships offer opportunities to explore career options, apply theoretical knowledge to real work situations, and gain experience important to potential future employers.
Master of Advanced Studies in International Affairs (MAS-IA)
Requirements for Admission
Students interested in pursuing the MAS-IA degree program at UC San Diego’s Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies must have earned a BA or its equivalent from an institution of comparable standing to the University of California, and have a minimum of five years of relevant work experience, and/or graduate level studies, and relevant international experience, including demonstrated proficiency in a regional language.
A minimum grade point average of 3.0 or better in undergraduate course work or prior graduate study is required for admission. Undergraduate preparation that includes one or more of the following areas is strongly encouraged: the social sciences (specifically economics and political science), quantitative methods (such as calculus and statistics), foreign language, and related area studies courses.
Applicants are required to submit the following: an online UC San Diego application for graduate study (https://gradapply.ucsd.edu); two official transcripts from each college or university attended; three letters of recommendation; a résumé or curriculum vitae; and a personal statement. Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores are also required of international applicants whose native language is not English and whose undergraduate education was conducted in a language other than English. A minimum score of 550 on the paper/pencil version, a minimum score of 80 for the Internet-based test, and a minimum score of 213 on the computer-based version of the TOEFL is required.
For further details regarding the application process, procedures, and deadlines please visit http://irps.ucsd.edu and click on “Prospective Students.”
Orientation tours are available for all prospective applicants who would like further information about the MAS-IA program. Tours assist prospective applicants in becoming better acquainted with IR/PS’s MAS-IA program and in understanding how the program might relate to their long-term career goals. To sign up for a tour, please contact the IR/PS Office of Admissions at (858) 534-5914 or e-mail irps-apply@ucsd.edu.
The MAS-IA Curriculum
The MAS-IA curriculum (forty-eight units) is made up of two core courses (eight units), a regional specialization (eight units), three MAS-IA career track courses (twelve units), four elective courses from the IR/PS curriculum (sixteen units), and a four-unit capstone course.
Core Curriculum
The core curriculum is designed to provide a solid foundation in the study of international affairs and is devoted to the politics and economics of the region. It comprises the following courses:
The Politics of International and National Policy Making (IRCO 481)
Comparative Economies of the Pacific Rim (IRCO 482)
The Regional Specialization
The regional specialization is made up of two designated courses on the economy and political system of a student’s chosen country or region. All students must complete a regional specialization, and may choose from among the following five options: Latin America, Japan, Korea, China, and Southeast Asia.
Career Tracks
Beyond the core curriculum and the regional specialization, MAS-IA students are offered three career tracks from which to choose. The career tracks provide an opportunity to focus on a specialized professional career path and to work closely with other students and faculty who share similar interests. A career track consists of three courses (twelve units). Currently, IR/PS offers the following MAS-IA career tracks:
International Security
International Political Economy
International Public Policy
Electives
Students may use remaining units to take electives across the range of IR/PS courses in management, political science, economics, regional studies, and language, as well as (with approval) courses offered elsewhere on campus. Prospective students are advised to consult the MAS-IA program coordinator for a full list of elective courses currently offered.
Dual Degree Programs
Students may concurrently pursue a juris doctor (JD) or master of science in legal studies (MSLS) degree at the University of San Diego (USD) School of Law with the MAS-IA degree at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego (UC San Diego).
Students must apply to and be independently accepted into both programs under each of the campus’ standards and procedures. If admitted to both schools, the admissions committee from both institutions will consider your selection for participation in the program.
Students enrolling in the MAS-IA/MSLS dual degree program will complete one year of course work at UC San Diego and one year of course work at USD. Students enrolling in the MAS-IA/JD dual degree program will complete one year of course work at UC San Diego and three years of course work at USD. Students pursuing a dual degree program will normally alternate years at each institution, in a manner agreed on by the student’s advisers and appropriate committees. For example, a student may spend his or her first year at USD, his or her second year at UC San Diego, and so on throughout the program. Students pursuing the MAS-IA/MSLS dual program are expected to complete the program within three years. Students in the MAS-IA /JD dual degree program must complete one year at each institution by the end of three years.
Each institution will accept a small number of course credits from the other institution to satisfy its degree requirements. USD is on a semester system, while UC San Diego continues on a quarter system. Students may petition the faculty of IR/PS to count up to two courses (eight quarter-units) of USD credit toward the MAS-IA degree.
MAS-IA/MSLS and MAS-IA/JD dual degree students are eligible for three quarters of need-based financial support. However, students will not be eligible for financial support from UC San Diego while attending USD.
The Doctorate of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs (PhD)
Requirements for Admission
Applicants who seek admission to the highly competitive joint PhD program must have earned a BA, or its equivalent, from an institution of comparable standing to the University of California. Preference will be given to students with prior academic records of distinction and to those who have a background in one of the fields of emphasis and/or geographical areas covered by the program.
Applicants are required to submit the following: an online UC San Diego application for graduate study (http://graduateapp.ucsd.edu); two official transcripts from each college or university attended; three letters of recommendation; a résumé or curriculum vitae; a personal statement; a writing sample; a Graduate Record Examination (GRE) score report. A minimum score of 550 on the paper/pencil version and 213 on the computer-based version of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is required of all international applicants whose native language is not English and whose undergraduate education was conducted in a language other than English.
The minimum criteria required for admission to the extremely selective joint PhD program can be found at http://irps.ucsd.edu/programs/phd-in-political-science-and-international-affairs-phd/admissions-information/requirements-and-deadlines/. Admission is offered to zero to two applicants per year.
The PhD Curriculum
Program of Study
The PhD in political science and international affairs prepares students for research careers in political science, with an emphasis in either international policy analysis or comparative policy analysis. The program combines the analytical skills of political science with political economy, institutional analysis, policy analysis (especially economic policy) and regional training, with special attention to East Asia and/or Latin America.
Course Requirements
The PhD curriculum in political science and international affairs is designed to provide students with basic training in the techniques of modern political science, as well as applications to specific policy areas and countries or regions.
Seventeen courses are required prior to advancement to candidacy. There is a common core sequence, consisting of comparative public policy, two courses in comparative politics, two courses in international relations and research design. Each student must declare a primary field of either international policy analysis (IPA) or comparative policy analysis (CPA), consisting of three specialized courses. There is also a regional focus of five courses. Three additional courses must be taken from a set of electives.
Regional Requirement
The regional focus consists of international relations of Asia Pacific or international relations of the Americas (depending on which region is the student’s primary region), three additional courses in the student’s primary region, and one course in another region offered by either lR/PS or the Department of Political Science are required. By petition, students may count a region other than one of the IR/PS offerings (currently China, East Asia, Japan, Latin America, or South-east Asia) as their primary region.
Language Requirement
All students in the program are required to meet a high standard of proficiency in a foreign language before being advanced to candidacy. The language must be linked to the student’s region.
Seminar Papers
Each student must submit two seminar papers, one in each field. The penultimate draft of each seminar paper must be completed prior to taking the appropriate field exam, and the final draft must be completed by the end of the quarter in which the exam is taken. Both papers must demonstrate knowledge of the student’s regional focus, as well as knowledge of relevant theory in the field. At least one of the papers must also demonstrate knowledge of a substantive policy area, related to the student’s primary focus field.
Comprehensive Examinations
Each student must pass two comprehensive examinations, one in international relations and one in comparative politics. Each exam will be graded by a joint committee consisting of three permanent faculty members, with at least one from political science and at least one from IR/PS.
The primary field exam contains a focus field, which may be either a substantive field of policy analysis (e.g. trade, environment, international finance) or the student’s chosen primary region. Regardless of focus field, that part of the exam will test the student’s knowledge of theoretical literature and ability to apply it to a policy issue of relevance to the region.
Dissertation
Candidates must present a dissertation prospectus to be examined by their dissertation committee, and must complete a dissertation which makes a substantial and original contribution to knowledge commensurate with the standards of the University of California in order to receive the PhD degree. The dissertation committee shall consist of four faculty members chosen from the Department of Political Science and IR/PS, with at least one from each unit. A fifth member must be from outside these two departments.
Oral Defense
Students will defend their dissertation at a final oral examination, which will be open to the public.
PhD Time Limit Policies
Students must be advanced to candidacy by the end of the fourth year. Total university support cannot exceed seven years. Total registered time at UC San Diego cannot exceed eight years.
Bachelor of Arts in International Studies and Master of International Affairs BA/MIA
Requirements for Admission
Students interested in pursuing the BA/MIA degree program at UC San Diego’s Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS) must be currently enrolled in UC San Diego’s International Studies (IS) undergraduate major. Students who meet the admissions requirements listed below may apply for admission to the combined degree track of the International Studies major in the fourth quarter (spring quarter of junior year) prior to receipt of the BA degree.
- Completion of fall and winter quarters of junior year with a minimum overall GPA of 3.00 and a minimum 3.4 GPA in International Studies upper-division course work.
- Satisfactory completion of the foreign language requirement for the undergraduate International Studies major. The foreign language must be one of the Pacific Rim languages required by IR/PS.
- Satisfactory completion of the International Studies core courses, INTL 101 and 102.
- Two letters of recommendation from individuals who can attest to the applicant’s academic promise and depth of interest in professional training in international affairs.
- Students will also be required to complete a noncredit, professional internship in the field of international affairs during the summer prior to matriculation in the MIA degree program.
Applicants will be admitted to the combined degree program on the basis of demonstrated academic excellence in upper-division course work in the International Studies major, Pacific Rim language proficiency, strong support from UC San Diego faculty in letters of recommendation, international experience, leadership, and community involvement.
The BA/MIA Curriculum
International Studies (IS) students are required to declare a primary track (eight upper-divison courses) and a secondary track (five upper-division courses). In addition, IS majors must successfully complete two upper-division gateway courses (lNTL 101 and 102) and a senior research seminar (INTL 190). In addition to these required courses, IS majors admitted to the combined degree program must also complete two quantitative methodology courses (IRCO 453 and 454).
IS majors admitted to the combined degree program will complete all of these requirements for the International Studies degree in either economics or political science in years one through four of their study at UC San Diego.
BA in International Studies–Economics
Economics Primary Track (eight courses)
The following courses are required:
IRCO 401. Managerial Economics
IRCO 403. International Economics
IRCO 420. Accounting
IRCO 421. Finance
In addition, students are required to take four additional economics courses chosen from the IS-Economics course list or from IR/PS economics courses, for a total of eight courses.
Political Science Secondary Track (five courses)
The following courses are required:
IRCO 400. Policymaking Processes
IRCO 410. International Politics and Security
IRCO 412. Globalization, the World System, and the Pacific
Two additional courses from the approved IS-Political Science course list or IR/PS electives in regional politics, comparative public policy, or international politics. Of the thirteen track courses, three must focus on one country or region.
BA in International Studies–Political Science
Political Science Primary Track (eight courses)
The following courses are required:
IRCO 412. Globalization, the World System, and the Pacific
IRCO 400. Policymaking Processes
IRCO 410. International Politics and Security
Five additional courses selected from the approved IS-Political Science course list or from IR/PS electives in regional politics, comparative public policy, or international politics.
Economics Secondary Track (five courses)
The following courses are required:
IRCO 401. Managerial Economics
IRCO 403. International Economics
IRCO 420. Accounting
IRCO 421. Finance
In addition, students are required to take one additional economics course chosen from the IS-Economics course list or from IR/PS economics courses, for a total of five courses. Of the thirteen track courses, three must focus on one country or region.
Additional Requirements
In the fifth year of the combined degree program, students will complete the requirements for the one-year MIA degree. The MIA requires a minimum of forty-eight units of 400-level course work completed at IR/PS, including a regional specialization (two four-unit courses), a professional career track (six four-unit courses), a capstone requirement (one four-unit course), elective course work (three four-unit courses), and an internship requirement (noncredit).
The combined degree program includes the following additional requirements:
- Language requirement: All International Studies majors must complete a language requirement equivalent to four quarters of undergraduate training in a Pacific Rim language (as defined by IR/PS) prior to admission to the combined degree program. In order to receive the MIA degree at the end of the fifth year, students must complete at least two additional quarters in the same Pacific Rim language, for a total of six quarters. As an alternative to the six-quarter language requirement, students may demonstrate proficiency at the level currently required by IR/PS.
- All students in the combined degree program will declare a special primary and secondary track in their International Studies major. These combined degree tracks will be Economics (primary track)/Political Science (secondary track) or Political Science (primary track)/Economics (secondary track). Students will complete the existing lower-division requirements for the Economics primary or secondary track (Mathematics 10A-8-C or Mathematics 20A-8-C, Economics 1-2-3).
Programs and Research Centers
Global Leadership Institute Program
The Global Leadership Institute (GLI) is a renowned executive education program for public, private and nonprofit sector professionals and a study abroad destination for graduate researchers and students. Since 1989, professionals have advanced their careers and organizations through learning experiences provided by our exceptional faculty.
GLI offers educational opportunities through nondegree certificate programs. Certificates are available to individuals on an open-enrollment basis, or can be customized for groups with specific learning objectives and varied lengths of study. As preparation for degree studies or as a supplement to the certificate programs, intensive English courses are also offered year-round to enhance an international professional’s ability to communicate in a global society.
Customized group programs are uniquely structured to provide the optimal combination of course work that focuses on topics relevant to each group’s goals. GLI is well positioned to provide sponsoring organizations and participants access to more than eighty academic departments and programs across the university. Drawing on its vast resources within the educational community and its relationships with successful industry and government leaders, GLI offers a tailored educational experience for program participants in a wide variety of disciplines based on the special needs of the professionals in each cohort. GLI staff work with your group to determine the program duration and daily schedule.
Integral to GLI’s program are professional tours to prominent multinational industries and influential government agencies. Available to participants in all programs, these tours provide insight into an organization’s operations and business practices.
For more information, please contact the Global Leadership Institute via e-mail at irps-gli@ucsd.edu or call (858) 822-3875 or (858) 534-4019.
The Korea-Pacific Program
The Korea-Pacific Program was formed in September 1989 in recognition of the growing importance of Korea in the world, of Korean-US relationships, and of the Korean model of social and economic development.
Directed by IR/PS Professor Stephan Haggard, the program promotes the understanding of Korea in an international context and encourages the study of Korea by offering courses on the country’s economics and politics. Research is supported on contemporary Korean political economy. Outreach to the community is offered through seminars, lectures, courses, and cultural events.
In comparison with other Korean studies programs in the United States, the IR/PS Korea-Pacific Program is distinctive in several respects: it concentrates on contemporary Korea, focuses on policy questions, stresses the foundations of Korean economic growth, explores Korea’s international relations, and seeks to understand Korea in a broad regional context.
The ASEAN-Pacific Project
The ASEAN-Pacific Project is one of several major regional and theme-based nodes of activity within the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Its mandate is to support students and to serve as a catalyst for the development of Southeast Asia-related teaching and research activities within the school.
The ASEAN-Pacific Project extends the success of the school’s original Vietnam-Pacific Project, with scope being broadened to embrace the other countries of Southeast Asia.
The project is built upon private donations to the school, with this resource being supplemented by resources obtained from external grant agencies and the university. The project supports the activities of students at IR/PS with an interest in Southeast Asia through fellowships (for summer travel and internships) and visiting guest speakers.
The project also serves as a catalyst and facilitator for research projects within the school relating to Southeast Asia. It seeks to promote disciplinary-driven work on political and economic topics pertaining to Southeast Asia, as distinct from more traditional area studies scholarship. Examples of this include recent work on national political institutions and policy-making, the dynamics of regional cooperation, food and agricultural policies, and the relocation of the global magnetic disk-drive industry to Southeast Asia. Other recent research-related initiatives include a major international workshop for PhD students in political science working on Southeast Asia, and a workshop for the US Agency for International Development on political conflict in Indonesia.