Scripps Institution of Oceanography
[ Undergrad Program] [ Doctoral Program] [ Courses] [ Faculty]
GRADUATE EDUCATION OFFICE:
Old Scripps Building
22, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
http://scrippseducation.ucsd.edu/
UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION OFFICE:
Galbraith Hall
188
http://sioundergrad.ucsd.edu
Introduction
Scripps Institution of Oceanography is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers for marine science research, education, and public service in the world. Its preeminence in the marine sciences is reflective of its excellent programs, distinguished faculty and research scientists, and outstanding facilities. Scripps Institution was founded in 1903 as an independent biological research laboratory, which became an integral part of the University of California in 1912. At that time, the laboratory was given the Scripps name in recognition of donors Ellen Browning Scripps and E. W. Scripps. Research and education at Scripps encompasses physical, chemical, biological, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans. Among the hundreds of research programs that may be under way at any one time are studies of air-sea interaction, climate prediction, earthquakes, the physiology of marine organisms, the geological history of the ocean basins, and multidisciplinary aspects of global change and the environment.
The Undergraduate Program
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department offers over forty-five undergraduate courses covering a wide breadth of earth and marine sciences on several different levels. There are several introductory classes for non-majors, and upper-division courses intended for a wide range of students in natural science majors. For students interested in careers in earth sciences, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography offers a B.S. degree and a contiguous B.S./M.S. degree in earth sciences. In addition, students may follow a chemistry/earth sciences major, a physics major with a specialization in earth sciences, or an environmental systems/earth sciences major (see the “Chemistry,” “Physics,” or “Environmental Systems” sections of the catalog for details). The program also offers an academic minor in earth sciences.
For students interested in broadening their understanding of and opportunity in marine science and oceanography, the program offers an academic minor in marine science. The marine science minor is designed to complement the strong disciplinary training of UCSD basic natural science and engineering majors (i.e., chemistry, physics, biological sciences, earth sciences, engineering, mathematics, etc.) by providing a broad interdisciplinary perspective with an applied environmental focus.
Earth Sciences Major
Earth sciences encompass broad scientific study of the origin and evolution of the earth system and its life forms. The earth sciences major embraces a wide range of topics, including the physical and chemical evolution of the planet, the evolution of life, the causes of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, earth-surface processes, the origin and behavior of oceans and atmosphere, and the impact of humans on the environment. Earth science investigations are increasingly quantitative and experimental, and thus most upper-division courses require a strong foundation in chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
The earth sciences curriculum takes advantage of the unique opportunities offered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Classes beyond introductory level are usually small, permitting personalized instruction. Field trips are an important part of the instructional program. Earth sciences students are encouraged to consult with their instructors about incorporating appropriate courses and research opportunities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography into their undergraduate curriculum.
A degree in earth sciences is an appropriate start for a broad range of career and graduate school opportunities in various areas, including research, government, state and federal survey jobs, environmental management, the petroleum and mining industries, consulting, ocean sciences, industrial institutions, elementary or secondary education, environmental policy, or environmental law. Program advisors and faculty can provide additional information on career and graduate school opportunities.
There are three specializations, each with slightly different course requirements, in the earth sciences major: The Earth Sciences/Geologymajor, Earth Sciences/Geochemistry major, and Earth Sciences/Geophysicsmajor.
It is strongly recommended that all earth science majors meet regularly with the earth sciences academic advising staff and a faculty advisor to discuss and update curriculum choices. The earth sciences academic staff are located in the Scripps office of Undergraduate Programs in Galbraith Hall, room 188.
Lower-division requirements are designed to provide the foundations in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology that are essential in modern quantitative earth science disciplines. In addition, there are four upper-division courses introducing basic concepts, SIO 100, SIO 102, SIO 103, and SIO 104. SIO 100 and SIO 102 should be taken during the sophomore year to provide the appropriate background for other upper-division courses.
A grade-point average of 2.0 or higher in the upper-division major program is required for graduation. Students must receive a grade of C– or better in any course to be counted toward fulfillment of the major requirements. In exceptional cases, students with a grade-point average in the major of 2.5 or greater may petition to have one grade of D accepted. All courses (lower- and upper-division) required for the major must be taken for a letter grade.
Special Studies Courses
Special studies in the earth sciences are offered as the courses SIO 198 and SIO 199. These courses are subject to consent of the instructor and approval by the earth sciences faculty advisor. They are open to students who have accrued at least ninety quarter-units and have a GPA of at least 3.0. Two quarters of earth sciences special studies may be counted toward any earth sciences major.
Earth Sciences/Geology
The earth sciences/geology major is designed to allow students maximum flexibility in tailoring the curriculum to their interests, within the constraints of obtaining the necessary background in physical, biological, and earth sciences. Compared to the earth sciences/geochemistry and earth sciences/geophysics tracks, it requires more earth science and fewer non-earth science courses.
Lower-Division Requirements
Math. 20A-B-C (may allow Math. 10A-B-C by petition) and Math. 20D
Phys. 2A-B-C (may allow Phys. 1A-B-C by petition)
Chem. 6A-B-C
BILD 3
SIO 50
Upper-Division Requirements
Earth Sciences Upper-Division Core Requirements
SIO 100. Introduction to Field Methods
SIO 102. Introduction to Geochemistry
SIO 103. Introduction to Geophysics
SIO 104/255. Paleobiology and History of Life
Upper-Division Earth Science Requirements
SIO 105. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
SIO 120. Mineralogy
SIO 152. Petrology and Petrography
SIO 160. Introduction to Tectonics
SIO 162. Structural Geology
SIO 182A. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics A
SIO 182B. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics B
Upper-Division Restricted Electives, at least four courses from:
Chem. 173. Atmospheric Chemistry
SIO 101. California Coastal Oceanography
SIO 110. Introduction to GIS and GPS for Scientists
SIO 111/Phys. 111. Introduction to Waves and Tides
SIO 112. Urban Landscapes
SIO 117. The Physical Climate System
SIO 135/236. Satellite Remote Sensing
SIO 141/Chem. 174. Chemical Principals of Marine Systems
SIO 144/252A. Introduction to Isotope Geochemistry
SIO 148/248. Evolution of Earth’s Biosphere
SIO 154/254. Macroevolution
SIO 155/251. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Solid Earth
SIO 170. Introduction to Volcanology
SIO 185. Applied Complexity
SIO 195. Methods of Teaching Earth Sciences
SIO 197. Earth Science Internship
SIO 199. Independent Study
SIO 210. Physical Oceanography
SIO 226. Introduction to Marine Geophysics
SIO 240. Marine Geology
SIO 247. Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism
SIO 260. Marine Chemistry
SIO 280. Biological Oceanography
An example schedule is outlined below:
FALL |
WINTER |
SPRING |
Freshman Year |
||
Math. 20A |
Math. 20B |
Math. 20C |
Chem. 6A |
Chem. 6B |
Chem 6C |
SIO 50 |
Phys. 2A |
Phys. 2B |
Sophomore Year |
||
Math. 20D |
SIO 102 |
SIO 104 |
Phys. 2C |
SIO 162 |
|
SIO 100 |
BILD 3 |
|
Junior Year |
||
SIO 105 |
SIO 120 |
SIO 152 |
SIO 103 |
SIO 182A |
SIO 182B |
Senior Year |
||
SIO Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
|
SIO Elect. |
SIO 160 |
Earth Sciences/Geochemistry Major
This specialization focuses on the Earth as a chemical system and on its evolution. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental observations that allow geoscientists to understand better the past history of the planet, the energetics of its evolution, and the major “cycles” (e.g., water, carbon) that characterize and control planetary-scale changes on a broad range of time scales. The major is appropriate for students interested in modern geochemistry, in “global change” studies, and in global and local environmental problems, including biochemical and anthropogenic effects.
Lower-Division Requirements
Math. 20A-B-C-D
Phys. 2A-B-C (2D recommended)
Chem. 6A-B-C and Chem. 6BL
BILD 3
SIO 50
Upper-Division Requirements
Earth Sciences Upper-Division Core Requirements
SIO 100. Introduction to Field Methods
SIO 102. Introduction to Geochemistry
SIO 103. Introduction to Geophysics
SIO 104/255. Paleobiology and History of Life
Upper-Division Earth Science Requirements
SIO 120. Mineralogy
SIO 144/252A. Introduction to Isotope Geochemistry
SIO 152. Petrology and Petrography
Upper-Division Chemistry Requirements
Chem. 120A. Inorganic Chemistry
Chem. 131. Physical Chemistry or Chem. 127
Chem. 140A. Organic Chemistry
Chemistry Restricted Electives, at least two courses from:
Chem. 149A. Environmental Chemistry
Chem. 149B. Environmental Chemistry
Chem. 173. Atmospheric Chemistry
Upper-Division Restricted Electives, at least three courses from:
SIO 101. California Coastal Oceanography
SIO 105. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
SIO 110. Introduction to GIS and GPS for Scientists
SIO 111/Phys. 111. Introduction to Waves and Tides
SIO 112. Urban Landscapes
SIO 135/236. Satellite Remote Sensing
SIO 141/Chem. 174. Chemical Principles of Marine Systems
SIO 148/248. Evolution of Earth’s Biosphere
SIO 154/SIO 254. Macroevolution
SIO 155/251. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Solid Earth
SIO 160. Introduction to Tectonics
SIO 162. Structural Geology
SIO 170. Introduction to Volcanology
SIO 182A. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics A
SIO 182B. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics B
SIO 185. Applied Complexity
SIO 195. Methods of Teaching Earth Sciences
SIO 197. Earth Science Internship
SIO 199. Independent Study
SIO 226. Introduction to Marine Geophysics
SIO 240. Marine Geology
SIO 247. Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism
SIO 260. Marine Chemistry
An example schedule is outlined below.
FALL |
WINTER |
SPRING |
Freshman Year |
||
Chem. 6A |
Chem. 6B |
Chem. 6C |
Math. 20A |
|
Math. 20C |
SIO 50 |
Math. 20B |
Chem. 6BL |
Sophomore Year |
||
Phys. 2A |
Phys. 2B |
Phys. 2C |
Math. 20D |
SIO 102 |
BILD 3 |
SIO 100 |
|
|
Junior Year |
||
SIO 103 |
SIO 120 |
SIO 104 |
Chem. 140A |
SIO 144 |
SIO 152 |
|
Chem. 127 or 131 |
|
Senior Year |
||
Chem. 120A |
SIO Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
Chem. Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
Earth Sciences/Geophysics Major
This specialization focuses on the mechanical, dynamical, and thermodynamical aspects of the Earth. Emphasis is placed on a solid background of fundamental physics, from mechanics and electromagnetism to continuum- and quantum mechanics, and on the necessary mathematical skills. The major introduces basic techniques used to investigate the internal structure of the Earth, from seismology to the study of potential fields, and space geodesy. Elementary geodynamics, including the physics of simple convective systems, introductory rock mechanics, and plate kinematics are among topics introduced. At the same time, a “hands-on” exposure to field problems and techniques will be accessible through an applied geophysics sequence.
Lower-Division Requirements
Math. 20A-B-C-D-E-F
Phys. 4A-B-C-D or Phys. 2A-B-C (Phys. 4 sequence recommended)
Chem. 6A-B-C
BILD 3
SIO 50
Upper-Division Requirements
Earth Sciences Upper-Division Core Requirements
SIO 100. Introduction to Field Methods
SIO 102. Introduction to Geochemistry
SIO 103. Introduction to Geophysics
SIO 104/255. Paleobiology and History of Life
Upper-Division Earth Sciences Requirements
SIO 130. Geodynamics of Terrestrial Planets or SIO 160. Introduction to Tectonics
SIO 182A. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics A
SIO 182B. Environmental and Exploration Geophysics B
Upper-Division Physics Requirements
Phys. 100A-B-C. Electromagnetism
Phys. 110A-B. Mechanics
Physics Restricted Electives, at least one course from:
Phys. 105A. Mathematical and Computational Physics
Phys. 105A. Mathematical and Computational Physics
Phys. 121. Experimental Techniques
Phys. 140A-B. Statistical and Thermal Physics
MAE 131A. Solid Mechanics I
MAE 180A. Spacecraft Guidance I
Upper-Division Restricted Electives, at least two courses from:
SIO 101. California Coastal Oceanography
SIO 105. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
SIO 110. Introduction to GIS and GPS for Scientists
SIO 111/Phys. 111. Introduction to Waves and Tides
SIO 112. Urban Landscapes
SIO 117. The Physical Climate System
SIO 120. Introduction to Mineralogy
SIO 130. Geodynamics of Terrestrial Planets
SIO 135/236. Satellite Remote Sensing
SIO 141/Chem. 174. Chemical Principals of Marine Systems
SIO 144/252A. Introduction to Isotope Chemistry
SIO 148/248. Evolution of Earth’s Biosphere
SIO 152. Petrology and Petrography
SIO 154/254. Macroevolution
SIO 155. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Solid Earth
SIO 160. Introduction to Tectonics
SIO 162. Structural Geology
SIO 170. Introduction to Volcanology
SIO 185. Applied Complexity
SIO 195. Methods of Teaching Earth Sciences
SIO 197. Earth Science Internship
SIO 199. Independent Study
SIO 223. Geophysical Data Analysis
SIO 226. Introduction to Marine Geophysics
SIO 227A. Introduction to Seismology
An example schedule is outlined below.
FALL |
WINTER |
SPRING |
Freshman Year |
||
Chem. 6A |
Chem. 6B |
Chem. 6C |
Math. 20A |
Math. 20B |
Math. 20C |
SIO 50 |
Phys. 4A |
Phys. 4B |
Sophomore Year |
||
Math. 20D |
Math. 20E |
Math. 20F |
Phys. 4C |
Phys. 4D |
BILD 3 |
SIO 100 |
SIO 102 |
|
Junior Year |
||
Phys. 100A |
Phys. 100B |
Phys. 100C |
Phys. 110A |
Phys. 100B |
SIO 104 |
SIO 103 |
SIO 182A |
SIO 182B |
Senior Year |
||
SIO 130 or 160 |
Phys. Elect. |
SIO Elect. |
|
SIO Elect. |
|
Honors Program
The Honors Program in Earth Sciences is offered for a limited number of students who have demonstrated excellence in the earth sciences major. Students are eligible for admission to the program when they have:
- Completed ninety units of courses including twelve units of earth sciences courses.
- Achieved a GPA of 3.3 overall and 3.5 in earth science courses.
- Submitted to the Earth Sciences Steering Committee, and had approved, an honors thesis research proposal.
Successful completion of the Honors Program requires:
- Maintenance of a GPA of 3.3 overall and 3.5 in earth sciences courses.
- Completion, with a B grade or higher, of a minimum of eight units of SIO 196 related to the honors thesis research, distributed over at least two quarters. These units must be in addition to the ordinary major requirements. However, students who subsequently fail to complete the Honors Program may apply up to four of these 196 units to their major.
- Acceptance of a written honors thesis report by a committee of not fewer than three faculty members.
- Satisfactory presentation of an oral report on the thesis research, preferably at a public undergraduate research conference on campus, or at an earth sciences conference. Alternatively, the oral report may be given at a seminar involving honors students and at least three faculty members.
Students who successfully complete the Honors Program will graduate with “high distinction.”
Students who are interested in the Honors Program should contact the program advisor in Galbraith Hall, room 188, Revelle College.
Contiguous Bachelor’s/Master’s Earth Sciences Degree Program
The program leading to a bachelor of science and a master of science degree in earth sciences is offered to undergraduate students who are enrolled in the earth sciences major, and to qualified students who are completing a specialization or minor in earth sciences. It is open only to UCSD undergraduates, and entails participation in research in an area of the earth sciences to be determined jointly by the student and a committee of earth sciences faculty members from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department. Applications will only be accepted during the final quarter of the applicant’s junior year, or the first or second quarter of the senior year. A minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.0 overall and 3.3 in upper-division earth sciences courses is required for admission. Applications must include a written statement of purpose, a summary of the research proposal, and a letter of support from the potential M.S. thesis advisor. Students must complete requirements for the B.S. degree before they are enrolled in the M.S. program, and are expected to meet the requirements for the M.S. degree within three consecutive academic quarters after obtaining the B.S. Students may be dropped from the program if breaks in enrollment occur. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department does not have financial aid available for students enrolled in the contiguous B.S./M.S. program. Please contact the undergraduate education program office in Galbraith Hall, room 188, for information.
Earth Sciences Minor
A minor in earth sciences consists of twenty-eight units of earth sciences courses, at least twenty of which must be upper-division, focused on geology, geochemistry, or geophysics. Courses required by a student’s major may not be applied toward a minor and neither can SIO 198 nor SIO 199. Courses for the minor may be taken on a Pass/Not Pass basis if the student’s college permits. Students interested in the earth sciences minor should meet with the earth sciences academic advising staff to discuss their curriculum choices.
Marine Science Minor
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography offers an undergraduate minor program in marine science. The minor curriculum is designed to complement the strong disciplinary training of UCSD basic science majors by providing a broad interdisciplinary perspective with an environmental focus. Ocean-related science is relevant to many contemporary environmental issues and problems and central to understanding earth-system evolution, dynamics, climate, and sustainability. The minor consists of courses and research opportunities offered primarily through faculty and researchers at Scripps. The mix of these components can be tailored to reflect students’ career interests through an “all courses” track or a “research” track. The “all courses” track offers a very flexible curriculum that serves students with a broad range of educational and career interests including environmental management and regulation, teaching, environmental law, economics and policy and a wide variety of graduate programs. The “research” track is designed for students interested in an undergraduate research experience at Scripps and serves as excellent preparation for graduate research studies.
The minor consists of twenty-eight units of course work, at least twenty of which must be upper-division. Courses required by a student’s major may not be applied toward the minor. Up to two courses for the minor may be taken on a Pass/Not Pass basis (upper- or lower-division). Students must earn at least a letter grade of C– in the remaining five or more courses used for the minor. The marine science minor places a strong emphasis on a rigorous natural science foundation; thus, several of the upper-division courses related to the minor have significant prerequisites. Students planning the minor should check catalog course descriptions carefully and should meet with advising staff in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Office of Undergraduate Programs, Galbraith Hall, room 188.
Lower-Division Requirements
- SIO 30. The Oceans
- Any one of the following lower-division courses may be applied to
the minor requirements
STPA 35. Society and the Sea
SIO 10. The Earth
SIO 12. History of the Earth and Evolution
SIO 20. The Atmosphere
SIO 35. Water
SIO 40. Life and Climate on Earth
SIO 50. Introduction to Earth and Environmental Sciences
Additionally: any math, chemistry, physics, or biology course that is a prerequisite for an upper-division elective for the marine science minor (ex., Math. 20 series; Chem. 6A, 6B, 6C; Phys. 2 series; BILD 1, 2, 3) may be applied, by petition, as a lower-division requirement for the minor ’s major.
Upper-Division Requirements
Option 1—All Courses Track:
At least five courses from the list (below) of upper-division electives
Option 2—Research Track:
At least five courses from the list (below) of upper-division electives, at least three of which must be courses satisfying Option #1 and at least two of which must be Independent Study (SIO 199; eight units total) Note: The Independent Study must be designed in mutual agreement and arrangement with an SIO faculty member. Students interested in the marine science minor “Research Track” must meet with a Scripps Undergraduate Program advisor for information and policies.
Upper-Division Electives
SIO 101. California Coastal Oceanography
SIO 102. Introduction to Geochemistry
SIO 103. Introduction to Geophysics
SIO 104/255. Paleobiology and History of Life
SIO 105. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
SIO 110. Introduction to GIS and GPS for Scientists
SIO 111/Phys. 111. Introduction to Ocean Waves and Tides
SIO 117. The Physical Climate System
BIMM 126. Marine Microbiology
BIMM 127/SIO 288. Marine Microbiology Lab
BIEB 132. Introduction to Marine Biology
BIBC 130/SIO 281. Marine Biochemistry
BIEB 134. Introduction to Biological Oceanography
SIO 135/236. Satellite Remote Sensing
SIO 141/ Chem. 174. Chemical Principles of Marine Systems
SIO 148/248. Evolution of Earth’s Biosphere
SIO 154/254. Macroevolution
SIO 160. Introduction to Tectonics
SIO 198. Directed Group Study
SIO 199. Independent Study
ECE 156/MAE 149/SIO 238. Sensor Networks
SIO 201. Geologic Record of Climate Change
SIO 210. Physical Oceanography
SIO 260. Marine Chemistry
SIO 265. Chemical Ecology of Marine Organisms
Other SIO courses may be submitted by petition.
Study Abroad
Study abroad through the Education Abroad Program (http://programsabroad.ucsd.edu) or Opportunities Abroad Program can enhance a student’s major, particularly as an opportunity for diverse field experiences. However, careful planning is important to meet all major requirements. Please contact the Scripps Office of Undergraduate Programs as early as possible if you are an earth sciences major and planning to study abroad.
Careers in Education
Students interested in a teaching career should be aware that the earth sciences major, because of its broad course requirements in the sciences, fulfills many of the subject requirements for obtaining a California Teaching Credential through UCSD’s Educational Studies Program. The projected high demand over the next decade for well-trained teachers, particularly in the sciences, makes this an attractive option for many students. Students who wish to take advantage of this opportunity may wish to complete a minor in science education. Please contact the Education Studies office directly for further details.
The Doctoral Program
The graduate department of Scripps Institution of Oceanography offers instruction leading to Ph.D. degrees in oceanography, marine biology, and earth sciences. Although students are not admitted specifically for an M.S. degree, it is possible to obtain an M.S. on the way to completing the Ph.D. program. A graduate student’s work normally will be concentrated in one of the curricular programs within the department: applied ocean science, biological oceanography, climate sciences, geosciences, geophysics, marine biology, marine chemistry and geochemistry, and physical oceanography.
The Curricular Programs
Applied Ocean Science is a multidisciplinary program focused on the application of advanced technology to ocean exploration and observation. AOS students perform research in marine acoustics, optics, electromagnetics, geophysics, ecology, sediment transport, coastal processes, physical oceanography, and air-sea interaction. The emphasis is on the resolution of key scientific issues through novel technological development. The science focus of the Scripps AOS program is complemented by parallel Applied Ocean Science programs in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Structural Engineering (SE), (MAE) and Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) departments. Students have access to professors, courses, and research facilities across all three departments.
Biological Oceanography is concerned with the interactions of populations of marine organisms with one another and with their physical and chemical environment. Because these interactions are frequently complex, and because the concepts and techniques used are drawn from many fields, biological oceanography is, of necessity, interdisciplinary. Therefore, studies in physical oceanography, marine chemistry, marine geology, and several biological areas are pertinent.
Research is conducted on space/time scales ranging from short-term interactions between individual organisms (mm., sec.) to interdecadal variation in widely dispersed populations. The techniques used in these investigations are diverse, and can include field observation and manipulations, experimentation in the laboratory, and mathematical modeling.
Research topics include primary and secondary productivity and nutrient regeneration, fishery biology and management, community ecology of benthic and pelagic organisms, population dynamics, habitat changes and disruptions, systematics and biogeography, population genetics and evolution, and behavior as it affects distribution. Development and testing of new tools (molecular, optical, acoustic), design of sampling programs, and statistical/mathematical analyses of data also are significant activities.
Climate Sciences concerns the study of the climate system of the earth with emphasis on the physical, dynamical, and chemical interactions of the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and the terrestrial and marine biospheres. The program encompasses changes on seasonal to interannual time scales and those induced by human activities, as well as paleoclimatic changes on time scales from centuries to millions of years. Examples of current research activities include: interannual climate variability; physics and dynamics of El Niño; studies of present and future changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere in relation to global warming and ozone depletion; effects of cloud and cloud feedbacks in the climate system; paleoclimate reconstructions from ice cores, banded corals, tree-rings, and deep-sea sediments; the origin of ice ages; air-sea interactions; climate theory; terrestrial and marine ecosystem response to global change.
Geosciences emphasizes the application of general principles of geology, geochemistry, and geophysics to problems in the marine and terrestrial environments of the Earth. Graduate students routinely participate in expeditions at sea and on land and many doctoral theses evolve from these experiences.
Research areas in the geological sciences include: the origin and evolution of the ocean-atmosphere system and global climate; geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of oceanic crustal rocks and near-shore environments; tectonic and structural evolution of the oceans, plate margins, and back-arc basins; the role of fluids in the crust; chemistry of rare gases in active volcanoes; the use of natural nuclear processes for understanding physical and chemical processes in the Earth; paleomagnetic applications in geology and geophysics.
Geophysics emphasizes the application of general principles of mathematics and experimental physics to fundamental problems of the oceans, oceanic and continental lithosphere, and crust and deep interior of the Earth. Research interests of the group include: observational and theoretical studies of electric and magnetic fields in the oceans and on the land; paleomagnetism; theoretical seismology with special emphasis on the structure of the Earth from free-oscillation and body wave studies; broadband observational seismology, including ocean bottom and multichannel seismology; earthquake source mechanisms; the measurements of slow crustal deformations using satellite and observatory methods on continents and in the oceans; marine geodynamics and tectonophysics; gravity measurements; geophysical inverse theory; magnetohydrodynamics of the core of the Earth; geophysical instrumentation for oceanic and continental geophysical measurements; acoustic propagation in the oceans.
Marine Biology is the study of marine organisms. It is concerned with evolutionary, organismic, genetic, physiological, and biochemical processes in these organisms, and the relationship between them and their biotic and physical environment. Marine biology encompasses several major areas of modern biology, and is interpreted by understanding the physical and chemical dynamics of the oceans. Faculty research focuses on microbiology, photobiology, high pressure biology, deep-sea biology, developmental biology, genetics, biomechanisms, comparative biochemistry and physiology, behavior, ecology, biogeography, and evolution of marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Processes ranging from the fertilization of sea urchin eggs to the role of bacteria in marine food web dynamics are under study in over twenty independent research laboratories.
Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry concerns chemical and geochemical processes operating in a broad range of study areas: the oceans, the solid earth, the atmosphere, marine organisms, polar ice sheets, lakes, meteorites, and the solar system.
Areas of advanced study and research include the physical and inorganic chemistry of seawater; ocean circulation and mixing based on chemical and isotopic tracers; marine organic and natural products chemistry; marine bioinorganic chemistry; geochemical interactions of sediments with seawater and interstitial waters; geochemistries of volcanic and geothermal phenomena; chemical exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere; geochemical cycles of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and other elements; isotopic geochemistry of the solid earth and meteorites; atmospheric trace gas chemistry; paleoatmospheric composition recorded in polar ice cores, corals and sediments; and chemistry of lakes and other freshwater systems.
Studies are typically interdisciplinary and involve integration of chemical concepts with information about the physical, biological, or geological processes that influence natural systems. Students in the marine chemistry and geochemistry curricular group are encouraged to explore these links.
Physical Oceanography is the field of study that deals with mechanisms of energy transfer through the sea and across its boundaries, and with the physical interactions of the sea with its surroundings, especially including the influence of the seas on the climate of the atmosphere. Research activities within this curricular group are both observational and theoretical and include: study of the general circulation of the oceans, including the relations of ocean currents to driving forces and constraints of the ocean basins; fluctuations of currents, and the transport of properties; the mechanisms of transport of energy, momentum, and physical substances within the sea and across its boundaries; properties of wind waves, internal waves, tsunami and planetary waves; the thermodynamic description of the sea as a system not in equilibrium; optical and acoustic properties of the sea; and the influence of surf on near-shore currents and the transport of sediments.
Requirements for Admission
Candidates for admission should have a bachelor’s or master’s degree in one of the physical, biological, or earth sciences; degrees in mathematics or engineering science are also accepted. A scholastic average of B or better in upper-division courses, or prior graduate study, is required. The student’s preparation should include:
- mathematics through differential and integral calculus
- physics, one year with laboratory (the course should stress the fundamentals of mechanics, electricity, magnetism, optics, and thermodynamics, and should use calculus in its exposition)
- chemistry, one year with laboratory
- an additional year of physics, chemistry, or mathematics
- all applicants are required to submit scores from the general test of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) given by the Educational Testing Service of Princeton, New Jersey. Marine biology applicants must also submit scores of the GRE biology (or biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology) subject test.
All international applicants whose native language is not English and whose undergraduate education was conducted in a language other than English must take the TOEFL and submit their test scores to the UCSD Office of Graduate Admissions.
Specific additional requirements for admission to the various curricular programs are as follows:
Applied Ocean Science—Students are admissible with a strong background in physical science, engineering science, or mathematics. Three years of physics or applicable engineering and three years of mathematics at college level are expected.
Biological Oceanography—Two years of chemistry, including general and organic chemistry, and a year of general biology are required. Physical chemistry requiring calculus may be substituted for physics requiring calculus where a more elementary physics course was taken. Zoology or botany may be substituted for general biology. Preparation should also include a course in general geology and at least one course in each of the following categories: systematics (e.g., invertebrate zoology), population biology (e.g., ecology), functional biology (e.g., physiology). In special cases, other advanced courses in mathematics or natural sciences may be substituted. Biological oceanography applicants are encouraged, but not required, to submit scores of the biology subject test of the GRE.
Climate Sciences—Students are admissible if they satisfy the requirements of the physical oceanography, geophysics, or marine chemistry and geochemistry curricular programs. Biology and geology majors may also be admissible if the Scripps faculty feel that they have a sufficiently strong background in mathematics and physical science.
Geosciences—A major in one of the earth sciences and undergraduate physical chemistry and calculus are required. Preparation beyond the minimum requirements in mathematics, physics, and chemistry is strongly recommended.
Geophysics—A major in physics, mathematics, earth sciences, or equivalent training, is required.
Marine Biology—A major in one of the biological sciences (or equivalent), with basic course work in botany, microbiology, or zoology; two years of chemistry, including organic chemistry, is required. Training in one or more of the following areas is strongly recommended: cellular biology, molecular biology, comparative physiology, genetics, developmental biology, ecology, evolutionary biology, vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, microbiology, and/or botany. Biochemistry and physical chemistry will be expected of students in experimental biology, although the student may, if necessary, enroll in these courses at UCSD after admission.
Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry—A major in chemistry, geology, biochemistry, or related field, is required.
Physical Oceanography—A major in a physical science, including three years of physics and mathematics, is required.
Special consideration occasionally can be given to candidates with outstanding records who do not meet all required preadmission criteria.
Programs of Study
Programs of study vary widely among the curricular groups, but generally first-year students are expected to enroll in core courses that cover physical, geological, chemical, and biological oceanography and in other courses recommended by the student’s faculty advisor. Then, by the end of the first year, students usually select a particular area of focus and choose a major professor. As students advance beyond the first year, they begin to function effectively as research assistants or, in some cases, as teaching assistants. During their third to fifth year they are working toward writing their dissertations.
The interdisciplinary nature of research in marine and earth sciences is emphasized; students are encouraged to take courses in several programs and departments, and to select research problems of interdisciplinary character. The curricular programs of study are as follows:
Applied Ocean Science—The AOS academic program is designed to provide both a broad background and a core technical base to support the diverse interests and activities of the students. Early participation in an ongoing research project is encouraged. However, specialization and focus on a specific thesis topic is not required until the second or third year of the program. Required courses include SIO 214A Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, and the two-quarter Wave Physics sequence SIO 202A–B. Two of the four SIO introductory courses (SIO 210, 240, 260, 280), must be completed during the first year, with the remaining two required prior to passing the doctoral qualifying exam at the end of the third year. In addition, the applied math sequence SIO 203 A–B or MAE 294 A–B is taken in either the first or second year of study. The AOS Seminar (SIO 208) serves as a communications bridge across the program; enrollment in this seminar is required during the student’s entire period of study. Beyond these core classes, the majority of each student’s academic program is tailored to individual interests. The AOS departmental examination, held at the end of the first year, is based on the core technical courses SIO 214A, SIO 202A–B, and two of the four introductory courses (chosen by the student). The exam has both oral and written components.
Biological Oceanography—The student will be expected to be familiar with the material presented in the following courses: SIO 210, 240, 260, 270 or 270A, 275A or 277, 280, and at least one of SIO 271, 282, 284, or 294. Other course work ordinarily will be recommended by the student’s advisory committee, usually including 278 (or equivalent participatory seminar) one quarter of each year, a course in introductory parametric statistics, and at least one advanced-level course in physical, chemical, or geological oceanography. Participation in an oceanographic cruise (minimum of two weeks’ duration) and service as a teaching assistant (one quarter) are required.
Climate Sciences—The emphasis of this curricular group is on education through interdisciplinary research. All students are responsible for the fundamental material in the following “core” courses: SIO 210, 217A-B-C, 260. Students are also expected to supplement their backgrounds with five to seven additional courses, including, for most Climate Sciences students, at least one additional quarter of fluid dynamics. These additional course(s) will be chosen in consultation with the students’ advisors. It is recommended that students participate actively in at least two quarters of seminar courses designed to complement and stimulate individual research. Though the group stresses interactions across disciplines, students will specialize in a particular subdiscipline or track that will be chosen by the student following discussions with a 3-person faculty advisory committee soon after arrival. Examples of current tracks include: (1) atmospheric/ocean/climate dynamics and physics; (2) atmospheric chemistry (emphasizing climatic interactions); and (3) paleoclimate studies. Additional course requirements for these tracks will be tailored to the needs of the individual student.
Geosciences—The geosciences curriculum consists of a series of core courses and a series of research focus courses. All students whether pursuing an earth sciences or an oceanography degree are responsible for material in the core courses: Marine Geology (SIO 240), Marine Chemistry (SIO 260), and Physical Oceanography (SIO 210) during their first year of study. The research courses are selected from three themes: Geochemistry, Paleoclimate and Earth History, and Geology and Geophysics. A total of four research courses are required during the first year of study, with at least one from each theme. Additional courses offered by other curricular programs (e.g., geophysics, marine chemistry, and geochemistry) can be selected and scheduled depending on the student’s background and interests any time during the student’s career at SIO. A three-member faculty advisory committee is assigned to each student to help select the research and additional courses to be taken. Each student is also encouraged to participate in the Special Topics seminars (SIO 249) every quarter during the first two years of graduate study. Students wishing to graduate with an oceanography degree are also responsible for the material in SIO 280 (Biological Oceanography). Normally, students will take a comprehensive oral departmental examination near the end of their third quarter of residence. The qualifying examination will be given before the end of the third year.
Geophysics—There is no single course of study appropriate to the geophysics curriculum; instead, the individual interests of the student will permit, in consultation with the advisor, a choice of course work in seismology, geomagnetism, etc., although the content of certain core courses is usually taken during most of the first year. In the summer or early fall quarter following that year each student will be given written and oral departmental examinations, which are intended to cover the student’s formal training. A brief presentation of possible research interests will also be expected at this exam.
Marine Biology—Entering graduate students will be expected to gain research experience in one or more laboratories during their first year. In the spring term of their first year at SIO, students will take a departmental exam consisting of a presentation of their first-year research in the form of a paper and short talk to the curricular group, followed by a meeting with their first-year advisory committee. In this exam they also will be expected to demonstrate competence in the material covered in the following courses: SIO 210, 260, 280, 290A-B as well as any other course work recommended by the advisory committee. After their first year all students are expected to enroll and actively participate in at least one seminar course (SIO 278, 296, or equivalent) per year to provide in-depth knowledge and reading in selected areas, and to provide practice presenting scientific material. In addition to the seminar requirement discussed above, second-year students will present their research in a special Marine Biology mini-symposium, held in spring quarter; students in the third year and beyond are expected to participate in the research presentation class (SIO 291) each year. The curricular group coordinator, in consultation with the Ph.D. advisory committee, may waive specific course requirements in individual cases.
For the Marine Biodiversity and Conservation MAS program, refer to the separate Catalog listing.
Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry—In their first year at SIO, students in this curricular group are required to take SIO 210, 260, and either SIO 280 or SIO 240, as well as three additional elective courses. In their second year, students are required to take a further three elective courses. Although the exact choice of such courses will depend on the student’s research interests, these required electives must be four-unit courses that are offered at the graduate level, and that have been approved by the curricular group as suitable electives. A list of approved courses is on file at the SIO Department. If a student desires to take (as a required elective) a course that is not already on this list, he or she should consult with one of the curricular group advisors to get approval.
Physical Oceanography—The physical oceanography curriculum combines a comprehensive program of course work with individually tailored specialization to meet student needs. Presently defined “tracks” in the curriculum are (i) Observational Physical Oceanography, (ii) Theoretical Physical Oceanography, and (iii) the Atmospheric/Ocean Climate System. All tracks are similar in the entry-year fall quarter, diverging as students become more familiar with the field and in their interests. A faculty Curriculum Advisory Committee meets with students to tailor tracks to individual needs, or to create new tracks as appropriate. Students in all subdisciplines of physical oceanography are required to take SIO 203A-B, 214A, 212A. In any track, students are required to take sixteen four-unit graduate courses, of which twelve are covered during the first year. As part of the overall requirement, tracks include a breadth component of two or more four-unit courses in other scientific disciplines. These might come from the SIO core courses in other oceanographic disciplines (SIO 240, 260, 280) or from related graduate-level courses taught at UCSD.
Any exception to the policy above requires written approval by the department chair in consultation with the curriculum advisor.
Physical oceanography students are required to take the departmental examination after completing one year of graduate work at UCSD. The examination covers the material in the four required courses and in eight additional first-year graduate courses chosen by the student in consultation with the curriculum advisor.
The SIO Department offers regular seminars in several areas of current interest. After the departmental exam, students in residence are strongly encouraged to enroll for credit in at least one one-unit seminar class each quarter.
Language Requirements
The department has no formal language requirements. All students must be proficient in English.
Departmental and Qualifying Examinations
Doctoral candidates normally will be required to take a departmental examination not later than early in the second year of study. The examination will be oral and/or written depending on the curricular group. The student will be required to demonstrate, in a quantitative and analytical manner, comprehension of required subject material and of the pertinent interactions of physical, chemical, biological, or geological factors.
When the student has passed the departmental examination, and has completed an appropriate period of additional study, the department will recommend appointment of a doctoral committee which will supervise the student’s performance and reporting of his or her research. The doctoral committee must be formed before the student may proceed to the qualifying examination.
The doctoral committee will determine the student’s qualifications for independent research by means of a qualifying examination, which will be administered no later than the end of the third year. The nature of the qualifying examination varies between curricular groups. In biological oceanography, marine biology, geosciences, physical oceanography, applied ocean science, and climate sciences the student will be expected to describe his or her proposed thesis research and satisfy the committee, in an oral examination, as to mastery of this and related topics. In marine chemistry and geochemistry the student, in an oral examination, is required to present and defend a single research proposition in his or her specialized area. The student also is required to provide a written summary of the research proposition, with references, prior to the examination. In geophysics, the student presents an original research problem, in the form of a written proposition, to the doctoral committee. The student’s oral presentation and defense of this proposition completes the examination.
Dissertation
A requirement for the Ph.D. degree is the submission of a dissertation and a final examination in which the thesis is publicly defended. We encourage students to publish appropriate parts of their theses in the scientific literature. Individual chapters may be published as research articles prior to completion of the dissertation.
Departmental Ph.D. Time Limit Policies
Students must complete a qualifying examination by the end of three years, and must be advanced to candidacy for the Ph.D. Degree by the end of four years. Total university support may not exceed seven years and total registered time at UCSD may not exceed eight years.
Special Financial Assistance and Fellowships
In addition to teaching assistantships, and graduate student researcher positions, fellowships, traineeships, and other awards available on a campus-wide competitive basis, the department has available a certain number of fellowships and graduate student researcher positions supported from research grants and contracts, or from industrial contributions.