Political Science

The Major Program

Political science addresses some of the fundamental problems facing human society. Questions concerning world peace, government policies aimed at achieving economic stability and growth, the management of environmental quality, control over political competition, the possibility of using law to affect social and political change, and the gap between the rich and poor in the U.S. and abroad are all on the research agenda of contemporary political scientists. The general purpose of the major is to address these and other issues systematically, and, simultaneously, to raise the broad theoretical questions which can help students relate today's political debates to those debates about politics which have kept a theoretical tradition alive for over 2,000 years.

Students may major in political science as a general program of study, or they may concentrate in one of six areas: (1) American politics, (2) comparative politics, (3) international relations, (4) political theory, (5) public law, and (6) public policy. All majors in political science must satisfy the following sixteen courses: PS 30 (Political Inquiry), three of the following four lower-division courses (Political Science 10, 11, 12 and 13) and twelve upper-division courses. Moreover, as stated below, students concentrating in one of the fields must satisfy that field's particular lower- and upper-division requirements.

Requirements for Major in Political Science without an Area of Concentration

1. Three of the four lower-division courses
2. Political Science 30
3. Any twelve upper-division political science courses

Requirements for Major in Political Science with an Area of Concentration

Major in Political Science/American Politics

1. Lower-division required: PS 10 (in addition to two other lower-division courses)
2. Political Science 30
3. Five upper-division American courses:
   1. at least two of which must be from the 100 sequence: 100A-B-C, 100DA, 100E-F-G-H-I
   2. the additional courses for the American concentration must be chosen from: 102B-C, 102E-F-G, 102J, 102L, 103A, 104A-B-C, 104F, 104I, 104L, 106A, 107A, 108

Major in Political Science/Comparative Politics

1. Lower-division required: PS 11 (in addition to two other lower-division courses)
2. Political Science 30
3. Five upper-division courses including:
   1. at least one from the following thematic courses: 122A, 123A-B, 124A-B, 126AA, 126AC, 136B, 137A, 139A, 150A-B
      
   2. and at least one each from two of the following three regional areas:

      Asia: 121, 130B, 130H, 131C, 132B-C, 133A, 133E, 133F
      Europe: 120A-B-C-D-E, 120H, 120I, 126AB, 130AA, 130AC
      Latin America: 134AA, 134B-C-D, 134G, 134I, 134N, 134P-Q-R

Major in Political Science/International Relations

1. Lower-division required: PS 10, 11, 12
2. Political Science 30
3. Five upper-division IR courses with at least one each from the following four groups:
   1. Foreign Policy: 142A, 145A, 146A, 147A, 150A-B, 152
   2. National and International Security: 142I-J-K, 146E
   3. Political Economy: 126AA,140A, 144AA, 144AB, 144D-E, 146A
   4. Theory of International Relations: 141, 145B-C, 152

Major in Political Science/ Political Theory

1. Three of four lower-division courses
2. Political Science 30
3. 110A-B-C
4. And at least two additional courses from:
   110DA, 110EA, 110EB, 110H, 110J, 110N,110T, 112A-B-C, 113B-C, 114B, 115A, 116A-B, 117, 118A-B, 119A

Major in Political Science/ Public Law

1. Lower-division required: PS 10 (in addition to two other lower-division courses)
2. Political Science 30
3. Five of the following: 100A-B, 102L, 104A-B-C, 104F, 104I, 104L, 124B

Major in Political Science/ Public Policy

1. Lower-division required: PS 10 (in addition to two other lower-division courses)
2. Political Science 30
3. 160AA
4. One of 160AB, 167A-B, 168, 170A
5. Two of 100A-B-C, 100E-F-G, 100I
6. One of 102B-C, 102E, 102L, 103A, 106A, 123A, 126AC, 142A, 142J, 150A-B, 161, 162, 165, 166F

Two upper-division courses in a field may be substituted for that field's lower-division course. However, these courses cannot also be used to satisfy the upper-division course requirements for a concentration of that field.

Since course offerings may change from year to year, students are strongly advised to consult the department for the latest listing of courses before preregistration.

Agreements signed between UCSD and several community colleges allow students to apply some community college courses toward lower-division course requirements for the major. Transfer students must, however, take at least one of the lower-division courses in residence at UCSD. Courses taken elsewhere may be credited toward the major. Please check with the undergraduate student affairs adviser for more information on credit for courses taken elsewhere.

Students who pass the Advanced Placement (AP) Tests in American or Comparative Politics may petition to be exempted from taking PS 10 or 11 (respectively).

At least nine courses in political science must be taken in residence at UCSD. A total maximum of six courses may be taken elsewhere and applied toward the major. This applies to transfer students, students who pass the AP exam(s), as well as students who study abroad on the Education Abroad Program (EAP) or the Opportunities Abroad Program (OAP). Students planning to transfer course work completed elsewhere are urged to consult the undergraduate student affairs adviser.

Double majors who include political science as one of their two majors must fulfill the requirements of both programs. Please consult the undergraduate student affairs adviser for more information.

Students must maintain an overall 2.0 GPA in the major. To be counted toward satisfying the requirements for the major, upper- and lower-division courses must be completed with a C– or better grade. Courses taken to satisfy requirements for the major may not be taken Pass/No Pass with the exception of a maximum of two independent study courses (PS 199).

Honors candidates for departmental honors are required to take PS 191A and B in which they write a senior thesis. (A 3.5 GPA in the major, senior standing, a significant writing project, and a recommendation from a political science faculty member are currently prerequisites for honors.) These courses may be counted toward the upper-division requirement.

Career Guidance

The premise of our educational philosophy is that the best professional preparation for productive careers which we can provide is one which is broad, theoretical, and only indirectly related to the current job market. Our majors graduate into a wide range of career options.

Many political science majors at UCSD will seek admission to a law school. Although law schools make no recommendation concerning the usefulness of any undergraduate major, a B.A. in political science should be seen as a useful complement to a law degree. Students who take courses in American government, policy analysis, and law and politics find that they develop a keen understanding of the role of law in the general political process. This helps students understand the limits and possibilities of the legal process in fostering change or in preserving the status quo. This same curriculum provides a solid foundation for a career in journalism. Students with any specific questions regarding law are advised to consult with career services.

Increasingly, political science majors are preparing for careers in business or as policy analysts in both the public and private sectors. Many of these students pursue advanced degrees in public policy or study for a master's in business administration. Students interested in this option should look into public policy, American, or comparative politics as an area of concentration. Students interested in public policy might wish to consider the public policy minor, which is described separately in the catalog. Some political science majors are interested in careers in international organization or diplomacy. These students should look into international relations as an area of concentration. In addition, a broad array of courses in comparative politics is essential for anyone interested in a career of international service.

A political science major offers excellent preparation for teaching in the elementary schools. If you are interested in earning a California teaching credential from UCSD, contact the Teacher Education Program for information about the prerequisite and professional preparation requirements. It is recommended that you contact TEP as early as possible in your academic career.

Students interested in majoring or minoring in political science should stop by the Department of Political Science Office, SSB301, or visit our Web site: http://dssadmin.ucsd.edu/PoliSci/index.htm.

Study Abroad

Political science majors are encouraged to participate in the Education Abroad Program (EAP) and to investigate other options for foreign study through the Opportunities Abroad Program (OAP). By petition, credits earned through them can fulfill UCSD degree and major requirements.

Minor in Political Science

For students entering UCSD winter 1998 or later the following guidelines for a political science minor will apply: seven political science courses, with a minimum of five upper-division. Continuing students may follow the guidelines for a minor of a total of six political science courses, with a minimum of three upper-division. All courses taken for a political science minor must be taken for a letter grade.

Interdisciplinary Minors

The Department of Political Science takes part in two interdisciplinary minors offered at UCSD. The law and society minor offers students the opportunity to examine the role of the legal system in society. Students should note that Law and Society 101 (Contemporary Legal Issues) may be used in fulfilling the twelve upper-division course requirement for the political science major. The minor in health care–social issues offers students a variety of perspectives that will enhance their ability to deal with complex social and ethical issues in modern health care. Additional information on these programs is available through the Warren Interdisciplinary Programs Office.

Research

The Department of Political Science is closely affiliated with several research centers/institutes/projects currently on campus. Faculty members directly involved include: Steven Erie, director, Urban Studies Program; Michael Hiscox and Barbara Walter, co-coordinators, Project in International Security Affairs; Germaine Hoston, director, Center for TransPacific Studies in Values, Culture, and Politics; Mathew McCubbins, director, Public Policy Research Project; Samuel Kernell, coordinator, American Political Institutions Project; Stephan Haggard, acting director, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation; Peter Smith, director, Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies; Wayne Cornelius, director of Studies and Programs, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies; Peter Irons, director, Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project; Wayne Cornelius, director, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. For further information please refer to the General Catalog section on "Research at UCSD."

The Ph.D. Program

The Department of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego offers a program of graduate studies leading to the Ph.D. degree. Instruction is provided in the major fields of the discipline. For purposes of comprehensive examinations, the discipline is broken into four fields: American politics, comparative politics, international relations, and political theory. The department also offers a variety of courses that are of a methodological or epistemological nature, spanning the various fields.

Students take two years of course work in preparation for their comprehensive exams. Students also attend regularly scheduled colloquia which feature presentations by faculty, outside speakers, and dissertation students.

A student must complete one seminar paper in one of his or her examination fields. This paper may be written as part of the requirements for a regularly scheduled seminar course or in an independent research course. The paper will involve original research or other creative effort.

By the end of the second year, a student must stand for the General Examination, which consists of written examinations in each of two fields and in a focus-area, and an oral examination.

The comprehensive exams are both written and oral. They test more than just mastery of course work and hence there is no single set of courses required for any field exam. To pass the exams a student is expected not only to master the relevant literature, but also to be able to synthesize and analyze the major issues in the field.

Each comprehensive exam tests both knowledge of the major theoretical approaches in the field and the ability to apply those theories to important questions in the field. For one of the two exam fields, the student also designates a specific area of interest (a "focus area"). The written focus area exam tests the student's in-depth knowledge and understanding. The focus area exam is taken the same week as the general field exam, and there is one oral covering both exams. Each field publishes a list of focus areas; students may, with approval, craft their own focus area. Each field, in addition, publishes a list of suggested ways to prepare for its exams; each field also determines the research tools required for scholars in that field.

Students are expected to complete their comprehensive exams no later than the beginning of the third year. Students who have done prior graduate work should be able to complete their exams by the end of their second year.

After passing both exams, students are expected to write a dissertation prospectus. This prospectus must be defended before a committee of five faculty, including two members outside the department. This committee also administers the final oral defense of the dissertation.

It is expected that students will complete their dissertations within six years of starting the program.

Students interested in the program should consult the department Web site for more detailed information.

Departmental Ph.D. Time Limit Policies

Students must be advanced to candidacy by the end of four years. Total university support cannot exceed seven years. Total registered time at UCSD cannot exceed eight years.

Courses

Lower-Division

10. Introduction to Political Science: American Politics (4)
This course surveys the processes and institutions of American politics. Among the topics discussed are individual political attitudes and values, political participation, voting, parties, interest groups, Congress, presidency, Supreme Court, the federal bureaucracy, and domestic and foreign policy making.

11. Introduction to Political Science: Comparative Politics (4)
The nature of political authority, the experience of a social revolution, and the achievement of an economic transformation will be explored in the context of politics and government in a number of different countries.

12. Introduction to Political Science: International Relations (4)
The issues of war/peace, nationalism/internationalism, and economic growth/redistribution will be examined in both historical and theoretical perspectives.

13. Power and Justice (4)
An exploration of the relationship between power and justice in modern society. Materials include classic and contemporary texts, films and literature.

27. Ethics and Society (4)
An examination of ethical principles (e.g., utilitarianism, individual rights, etc.) and their social and political applications to contemporary issues such as abortion, environmental protection, and affirmative action). Ethical principles will also be applied to moral dilemmas familiar in government, law, business, and the professions. Satisfies the Warren College ethics and society requirement.

30. Political Inquiry (4)
Introduction to the logic of inference in social science and to quantitative analysis in political science and public policy including research design, data collection, data description and computer graphics, and the logic of statistical inference (including linear regression).

40. Introduction to Law and Society (4)
This course is designed as a broad introduction to the study of law as a social institution and its relations to other institutions in society. The focus will be less on the substance of law (legal doctrine and judicial opinions) than on the process of law–how legal rules both reflect and shape basic social values and their relation to social, political, and economic conflicts within society.

90. Undergraduate Seminar (1)
Selected topics to introduce students to current issues and trends in political science. May not be used to fulfill any major or minor requirements in political science.

Upper-Division

Minimum requirement for all upper-division courses is at least one quarter of lower-division political science, or upper- division standing.

American Politics

100A. The Presidency (4)
The role of the presidency in American politics. Topics will include nomination and election politics, relations with Congress, party leadership, presidential control of the bureaucracy, international political role, and presidential psychology.

100B. The U.S. Congress (4)
This course will examine the nomination and election of congressmen, constituent relationships, the development of the institution, formal and informal structures, leadership, comparisons of House with Senate, lobbying, and relationship with the executive branch.

100C. American Political Parties (4)
This course examines the development of the two major parties from 1789 to the present. Considers the nature of party coalitions, the role of leaders, activists, organizers, and voters, and the performance of parties in government.

100DA. Voting, Campaigning, and Elections (4)
A consideration of the nature of public opinion and voting in American government. Studies of voting behavior are examined from the viewpoints of both citizens and candidates, and attention is devoted to recent efforts to develop models of electoral behavior for the study of campaigns. The role of mass media and money also will be examined.

100E. Interest Group Politics (4)
The theory and practice of interest group politics in the United States. Theories of pluralism and collective action, the behavior and influence of lobbies, the role of political action committees, and other important aspects of group action in politics are examined. Prerequisite: sophomore standing.

100F. American State and Local Politics (4)
This course explores the changing role of state and local governments in modern American politics. We will discuss state and local political institutions, processes, and politics, and examine several current policy areas including tax reform, water and land use, education, health policy, and welfare reform.

100G. American Politics and Public Policy (4)
Surveys arguments about the determinants of public policy, pairing theoretical arguments with case studies. Does government choose policies to please the electorate because bureaucratic momentum overcomes political will and interest group bargaining? Or do the rules determine the outcomes?

100H. Race and Ethnicity in American Politics (4)
This course examines the processes by which racial and ethnic groups have/have not been incorporated into the American political system. The course focuses on the political experiences of European immigrant groups, blacks, Latinos, and Asians.

100I. The Washington Community (4)
For students who plan to intern in Washington. It examines the way Washington's elected officeholders, government officials, news media, and interest group representatives transact the public's business. History of Washington as a community will also be covered. Prerequisite: department stamp required. Application for internship must be submitted to AIP office or consent of instructor.

102B. Politics of American Economic Policy (4)
The impact of politics on American post-war economic policy making. Causes and solutions to America's current economic problems. Evaluation of the political dimensions of policy making in the Reagan and earlier administrations. Consideration of Marxian, liberal, and other interpretations of policy outcomes will be discussed.

102C. American Political Development (4)
Examines selected issues and moments in the political history of the United States, comparing competing explanations and analyses of U.S. politics. Likely topics include the founding, "American exceptionalism," change in the party system, race in U.S. politics, the "new institutionalism."

102E. Urban Politics (4)
(Same as USP107) This survey course focuses upon the following six topics: the evolution of urban politics since the mid-nineteenth century; the urban fiscal crisis; federal/urban relationships; the "new" ethnic politics; urban power structure and leadership; and selected contemporary policy issues such as downtown redevelopment, poverty, and race.

102F. Mass Media and Politics (4)
This course will explore both the role played by mass media in political institutions, processes and behaviors, and reciprocally, the roles played by political systems in guiding communication processes.

102G. Special Topics in American Politics (4)
An undergraduate course designed to cover various aspects of American politics.

102J. Advanced Topics in Urban Politics (4)
(Same as USP 110) Building upon the introductory urban politics course, the advanced topics course explores issues such as community power, minority empowerment, and the politics of growth. A research paper is required. Students wishing to fulfill the paper requirement with field research should enroll in the subsequent PS 102JJ course (offered Summer Session 2). Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

102JJ. Field Research in Urban Politics (2)
(Same as USP 111) To be taken with the approval of the PS 102J instructor, this course allows students to do original field research on topics in urban politics. This course is offered in Summer Session 2 subsequent to a 102J course. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May not be used to fulfill any major or minor requirements in Political Science.

102L. The Politics of Regulation (4)
Political and policy-making issues in regulation. Themes: regulation versus legislation; general versus specific grants of regulatory power; market versus command mechanisms; private property; and risk assessment. Emphasis on American regulatory policy, examples from current regulatory debates (e.g., health care and environment).

103A. California Government and Politics (4)
(Same as USP 109) This survey course explores six topics: 1) the state's political history; 2) campaigning, the mass media, and elections; 3) actors and institutions in the making of state policy; 4) local government; 5) contemporary policy issues; e.g., Proposition 13, school desegregation, crime, housing and land use, transportation, water; 6) California's role in national politics.

104A. The Supreme Court and the Constitution (4)
An introduction to the study of the Supreme Court and constitutional doctrine. Topics will include the nature of judicial review, federalism, race, and equal protection. The relation of judicial and legislative power will also be examined.

104B. Civil Liberties—Fundamental Rights (4)
This course will examine issues of civil liberties from both legal and political perspectives. Topics will include the First Amendment rights of speech, press, assembly, and religion; other "fundamental" rights, such as the right to privacy; and some issues in equal protection. Conflicts between governmental powers and individual rights will be examined.

104C. Civil Liberties—The Rights of Criminals and Minorities (4)
Examines the legal issues surrounding the rights of "marginal" groups such as aliens, illegal immigrants, and the mentally ill. Also includes a discussion of the nature of discrimination in American society.

104F. Seminar in Constitutional Law (4)
This seminar will provide an intensive examination of a major issue in constitutional law, with topics varying from year to year. Recent topics have included equal protection law and the rights of civilians in wartime. Students will be required to do legal research on a topic, write a legal brief, and argue a case to the seminar. Prerequisites: PS 104A/B; department stamp.

104I. Law and Politics—Courts and Political Controversy (4)
This course will examine the role of the courts in dealing with issues of great political controversy, with attention to the rights of speech and assembly during wartime, questions of internal security, and the expression of controversial views on race and religion. The conflict between opposing Supreme Court doctrines on these issues will be explored in the context of the case studies drawn from different historical periods.

104L. Positive Political Theory of Law (4)
We will discuss modern theories of the origins of law and legal behavior.

106A. Politics and Bureaucracy (4)
This course explores the problematic relationships between politics and bureaucracy. The theoretical perspectives of Weber, the marxists, and pluralists will be employed to understand the character of American bureaucratic development in the twentieth century. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

107A. Gay and Lesbian Politics (4)
A consideration of the historical interrelationship between religious, psychological, and social constructs of homosexuality, the embodiment of these constructs in the law, and their use in the political arena.

108. Politics of Multiculturalism (4)
This course will examine central issues in debates about race, ethnicity, and multiculturalism in the United States. It will look at relations not only between whites and minorities, but also at those among racial and ethnic communities.

Political Theory

110A. Citizens and Saints: Political Thought from Plato to Augustine (4)
This course focuses on the development of politics and political thought in ancient Greece, its evolution through Rome and the rise of Christianity. Readings from Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Machiavelli, and others.

110B. Sovereigns, Subjects, and the Modern State: Political Thought from Machiavelli to Rousseau (4)
The course deals with the period which marks the rise and triumph of the modern state. Central topics include the gradual emergence of human rights and the belief in individual autonomy. Readings from Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and others.

110C. Revolution and Reaction: Political Thought from Kant to Nietzsche (4)
The course deals with the period which marks the triumph and critique of the modern state. Central topics include the development of the idea of class, of the irrational, of the unconscious, and of rationalized authority as they affect politics. Readings drawn from Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, and others.

110DA. Freedom and Discipline: Political Thought in the Twentieth Century (4)
This course addresses certain problems which are characteristic of the political experience of the twentieth century. Topics considered are revolution, availability of tradition, and the problems of the rationalization of social and political relations. Readings from Nietzsche, Weber, Freud, Lenin, Gramsci, Dewey, Oakeshott, Arendt, Merleau-Ponty.

110EA. American Political Thought from Revolution to Civil War (4)
The first quarter examines the origins and development of American political thought from the revolutionary period to the end of the nineteenth century with special emphasis on the formative role of eighteenth-century liberalism and the tensions between "progressive" and "conservative" wings of the liberal consensus.

110EB. American Political Thought from Civil War to Civil Rights (4)
The second quarter examines some of the major themes of American political thought in the twentieth century including controversies over the meaning of democracy, equality, and distributive justice, the nature of "neoconservatism," and America's role as a world power.

110H. Democracy and Its Critics (4)
This course will examine the historical development of the ideal of democracy from Periclean Athens to the present in the light of criticism by such thinkers as Plato, Tocqueville, and Mosca and difficulties encountered in efforts to realize the ideal.

110J. Power in American Society (4)
This course examines how power has been conceived and contested during the course of American history. The course explores the changes which have occurred in political rhetoric and strategies as America has moved from a relatively isolated agrarian and commercial republic to a military and industrial empire.

110N. Theories of Nationalism (4)
Nationalist ideologies. Examination of the rhetoric of nationalist mobilization. Theories about the relationship between nationalist movements and democracy, capitalism, warfare, and the state.

110T. Modern Political Ideologies (4)
An examination of some of the ideas and values associated with major social and political movements in Europe and the United States since the French Revolution. Topics will vary and may include liberalism, populism, democarcy, communism, nationalism, fascism, and feminism.

112A. Economic Theories of Political Behavior (4)
An introduction to theories of political behavior developed with the assumptions and methods of economics. General emphasis will be upon theories linking individual behavior to institutional patterns. Specific topics to be covered will include collective action, leadership, voting, and bargaining.

112B. Politics, Philosophy, and Social Science Methodology (4)
An introduction to philosophy and the political implications of social science. Topics considered will include the nature of theory and evidence, the formulation of research questions, special problems in the study of human behavior or action and the relation between social science and public policy, events, and ideologies.

112C. Political Theory and Artistic Vision (4)
The course explores the modes of political thinking found in arts, especially in drama and literature. It focuses on particular topics (e.g., ends and means, political leadership, political economy). Some attempt will be made to develop implications inherent in art for the writing of political theory as a genre.

113B. Chinese and Japanese Political Thought (I) (4)
An examination of the competing philosophical traditions of ancient and modern China and Japan, with an eye toward understanding how these have been reflected in Chinese and Japanese development. Readings and class sessions will be in English, although students with Chinese or Japanese language capability will be given the opportunity to use their special skills.

113C. Chinese and Japanese Political Thought (II) (4)
A continuation of 113B which follows political philosophical themes in China and Japan through the twentieth century. Important topics will include Buddhism and Confucianism as they changed in each context in response to internal and external stimuli. Prerequisite: PS 113B.

114B. Marxist Political Thought (4)
An introduction to Marxist thought from its roots in the western tradition through its development in non-western contexts. Emphasis is placed on how adaptations were made in Marxism to accommodate the specific challenges of each environment.

115A. Gender and Politics (4)
Our understanding of politics, power, conflict, and quality continue to be challenged and transformed by considering gender as it intersects with nationality, race, class, and ethnicity. We will consider the importance of gender in each of the subfields of political science.

116A. Feminist Theory (4)
Readings in historical and contemporary feminist theory; development of gender as a category of political analysis; alternative perspectives on core concepts and categories in feminist thought.

116B. Advanced Feminist Theory (4)
Advanced critical analysis of contemporary feminist theory; emphasis on the interrelationships among discourses of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality in the work of different feminist theorists; alternative perspectives on feminist political strategies and practices. Prerequisite: PS 115B or PS 116A.

117. Violence and Social Order (4)
This course explores the relationship between violence and the elements of social order, including social hierarchies, group boundaries, power, and authority. Topics include both classic and contemporary works in political theory, as well as some fiction and journalism.

118A. The "Political" in Systematic Theology (4)
An historical analysis of systematic theology in the Judeo-Christian tradition as political theory. Emphasis is placed on the politicization of the political dimensions of the early church, its encounter with positivism, and the emergence of Catholic social doctrine.

118B. The Political Theory of Liberation Theology (4)
A comparative study of liberation theologies, including Continental, Latin American, South African, and East Asian. Prerequisite: PS 118A.

119A. Special Topics in Political Theory (4)
An undergraduate course designed to cover various aspects of political theory.

Comparative Politics

120A. Political Development of Western Europe (4)
An examination of various paths of European political development through consideration of the conflicts which shaped these political systems: the commercialization of agriculture; religion and the role of the church; the army and the state bureaucracy; and industrialization. Stress will be on alternative paradigms and on theorists.

120B. The German Political System (4)
An analysis of the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany with an emphasis on the party system, elections, executive-legislative relations, and federalism. Comparisons will be made with other West European democracies and the Weimar Republic.

120C. Politics in France (4)
This course will examine the consequences of social and economic change in France. Specific topics will include institutional development under a semi-presidential system, parties, and elections.

120D. Germany: Before, During, and After Division (4)
Consideration of political, economic, and security factors that have kept Germany at the center of European developments for more than a century.

120E. Scandinavian Politics (4)
Introduction to the politics and societies of the Scandinavian states (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden). Focuses on historical development, political culture, constitutional arrangements, political institutions, parties and interest groups, the Scandinavian welfare states, and foreign policy.

120G. British Politics (4)
Emphasis will be placed on the interaction between British political institutions and processes and contemporary policy problems; the economy, social policy, foreign affairs. The course assumes no prior knowledge of British politics and comparisons with the United States will be drawn.

120H. European Integration (4)
This course reviews the origins and development of the European Community/European Union and its institutions, theories of integration and the challenges inherent in the creation of a supranational political regime.

120I. Politics in Italy (4)
This course will provide a comparative perspective on the development and functioning of the Italian political system. It includes analysis of political institutions, ideological traditions, parties and elections, political elites in the policy process, and the evolving importance of Italy within European integration.

121. Government and Politics of the Middle East (4)
This course examines general themes affecting the region (social structure and regime type, religion and modernization, bonds and tensions), the character of major states, and efforts to resolve the conflict between Israel and its Arab and Islamic neighbors. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

122A. Authoritarian Politics (4)
This lecture course explores alternative approaches to the analysis of authoritarian regimes. The readings draw from cases on all continents. Special attention will be given to the political institutions of these regimes.

123A-B. Comparative Parliamentary Studies (4-4)
This course surveys the academic literature on parliamentary studies, comparing the research on legislative elections, behavior, and organization in American, European, and Asian democracies. The course will also compare various approaches to studying legislative activity. Prerequisites: PS 11 for 123A; 123A for 123B.

124A. Political Consequences of Electoral Systems (4)
A comparative survey of the major dimensions of the electoral systems used in contemporary democracies (including plurality and majority systems, proportional representation, and districting methods) and of their effects on party competition.

124B. The Politics of Comparative Judicial Development (4)
Focusing on judicial systems in civil and common law traditions, and in authoritarian as well as democratic politics, this course explores the judicial branch's traditional weakness, even in some democracies. The course considers alternative theories of judicial development and applies them to evidence from judicial systems in several countries.

126AA. Fundamentals of Political Economy: Modern Capitalism (4)
This course explores how economic factors affect political institutions and how political action affects economic behavior in the United States and Western Europe. Particular attention is given to relations between business and labor, economic policy choices, and the impact of international trade. Prerequisite: PS 11 or consent of instructor.

126AB. Politics and Economics in Eastern Europe (4)
This course explores the interrelationship of politics and economics in Eastern Europe, analyzing the historic evolution of the area, the socialist period, and contemporary political and economic change there.

126AC. Issues in Political Economy (4)
Seminar deals in-depth with one or some of the issues touched on in PS 126AA and/or 126AB. Potential topics may include: labor and politics, privatization and divestment, regulation and deregulation, the welfare state, politics of public and private bureaucracy, and other such issues. Prerequisites: PS 126AA and/or 126AB or consent of instructor.

130AA. The Soviet Successor States (4)
An overview of the historical background and contemporary politics of the fifteen successor states of the Soviet Union.

130AC. Seminar: Post-Soviet Politics (4)
Undergraduate research seminar on the Post-Soviet Union. Issues and research areas will vary each time the course is offered. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

130AD. The Politics of the Russian Revolution (4)
An examination of the dynamics of the Russian Revolution from 1905 through the Stalinist period and recent years in light of theories of revolutionary change. Emphasis is placed on the significance of political thought, socio-economic stratification, and culturo-historical conditions.

130B. Politics in the People's Republic of China (4)
This course analyzes the political system of China since 1949, including political institutions, the policy-making process, and the relationship between politics and economics. The main focus is on the post-Mao era of reform beginning in 1978.

130H. Vietnam: The Politics of Intervention (4)
This course will examine the interventions of foreign powers in Vietnam between 1945 and 1975 (including France, the United States, China, and the Soviet Union) and the effects of intervention.

131C. The Chinese Revolution (4)
An analysis of the dynamics of the Chinese Revolution from the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) to the present. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between political thought and the dynamics of the revolutionary process.

132B. Politics and Revolution in China and Japan (4)
An intensive examination of the quests for modernity undertaken by Chinese and Japanese leaders from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship among indigenous values, international pressures, and issues concerning national identity.

132C. Political Development and Modern China (4)
Political development has dominated the study of comparative politics among U.S. academicians since the revival of the Cold War in 1947. This course examines critically this paradigm and its Western philosophical roots in the context of the experience of modern China.

133A. Japanese Politics: A Developmental Perspective (4)
This course will analyze the political systems of modern Japan in comparative-historical perspective.

133E. Public Policy in Japan (4)
This course combines an examination of general models of the way in which public policy is made in Japan, and a review of outcomes in several substantive policy areas, such as education, public works, health and welfare, and pollution.

133F. Governments and Politics of Southeast Asia (4)
This course looks at one of the world's most dynamic and complex regions. The course has three parts: a review of the history and politics of the region; a country-by-country study of several Southeast Asian states; and a look at major challenges facing the region. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

134AA. Comparative Politics of Latin America (4)
Comparative analysis of contemporary political systems and developmental profiles of selected Latin American countries, with special reference to the ways in which revolutionary and counter-revolutionary movements have affected the political, economic, and social structures observable in these countries today. Analyzes the performance of "revolutionary" governments in dealing with problems of domestical political management, reducing external economic dependency, redistributing wealth, creating employment, and extending social services. Introduction to general theoretical works on Latin American politics and development. Prerequisite: PS 11 or consent of instructor.

134B. Politics in Mexico (4)
General survey of the Mexican political system as it operates today. Emphasis on factors promoting the breakdown of Mexico's authoritarian regime and the transition to a more democratic political system. Changing relationship between the state and various segments of Mexico society (economic elites, peasants, urban labor, and the Church). New patterns of civil-military relations.

134C. Politics in Mexico (4)
Continuation of PS 134B. Emphasis on government policies and performance affecting economic development, job creation, population growth, social inequality, poverty, rural-urban imbalances, and migration. Case studies of specific government programs and regional variations in policy outcomes.

134D. Selected Topics in Latin American Politics (4)
A comparative analysis of contemporary political issues in Latin America. Material to be drawn from two or three countries. Among the topics: development, nationalism, political change.

134G. Politics in the Andes (4)
A comparative examination of twentieth-century political conflicts and currents in the Andean countries of South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Topics include economic underdevelopment, Indian relations, militarism, guerrilla warfare, and revolutionary movements.

134I. Politics in the Southern Cone of Latin America (4)
This course is a comparative analysis of twentieth-century political developments and issues in the Southern Cone of Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. The course will also examine the social and economic content and results of contrasting political experiments.

134N. Politics in Central America (4)
Focused examination of political conflict in one or more countries of the region, emphasizing issues, ideology, and process in grassroots political organization. Limited coverage of international politics.

134P. Organizing Women in Latin America (4)
Survey of women's participation in formal political institutions in Latin America (public bureaucracies, political parties, trade unions, peasant organizations), the politics of gender in recent women's movements, and the impact on women of democratization and neoliberal economic policies.

134Q. Organization, Resistance, and Protest in Latin America (4)
Comparative, case-based study of historical and contemporary political organizations and social movements in Latin America. Emphasis on local and regional activism through politicized urban neighborhood and church groups, trade unions, and peasant organizations. Focus on group objectives, strategies, and identities.

134R. Political Parties in Latin America (4)
(Formerly PS 146D) Compares and contrasts different types of political parties in Latin America; conservative, liberal, populist, christian, democratic, socialist, and communist. Investigates their origins, ideologies, programs, leadership, followings, organizations, and successes or failures within varying political systems in different countries. Cannot also receive credit for PS 146D.

136B. Comparative Politics and Political Culture (4)
This course is designed to provide undergraduates with a sound introduction to cultural interpretations of power and politics. The course will also attempt to render an explicit account of the process of theory formation in social science. Special attention will be given to Africa and Asia.

137A. Comparative Political Parties and Interest Groups (4)
This course serves as an introduction to the comparative study of political parties and interest groups. The course has three parts: 1) an analytical introduction to parties, interest groups, and their role in democratic representation; 2) parties and interest groups in Great Britain; and 3) parties and interest groups in Italy. Prerequisite: PS 11 or consent of instructor.

138D. Special Topics in Comparative Politics (4)
An undergraduate course designed to cover various aspects of comparative politics.

139A. Politics of the Ancient World Order (4)
An introduction to the domestic and international political orders of the ancient West. Primary focus will be on the strengths and limitations of comparative and international relations theories when applied to the ancient world of city-states, kingdoms, and empires.

International Relations

140A. International Law and Organizations (4)
International law and organizations are central to the efforts to create a world order to limit armed conflict, regulate world economy, and advance programs for economic redistribution among nations, and set minimum standards of human rights. This course explains the theory of international law and organizations that is accepted by diplomats and compares this viewpoint to the analysis of social scientists concerning the past record and likely future of world order concerning conflict, economic redistribution, and human rights.

140B. Concepts and Aspects of Revolution (4)
Introduction to the analytical and comparative study of revolutionary movements and related forms of political violence. Topics include: the classical paradigm; types of revolutionary episodes; psychological theories; ideology and belief systems; coups; insurgencies; civil wars; terrorism and revolutionary outcomes.

141. Seminar: Game Theory and International Relations (4)
This course covers the rudiments of game theory and its use in the study of international relations to explore various substantive and theoretical issues. Prerequisite: PS 12 or consent of instructor.

142A. United States Foreign Policy (4)
United States foreign policy from the colonial period to the present era. Systematic analysis of competing explanations for U.S. policies—strategic interests, economic requirements, or the vicissitudes of domestic politics. Interaction between the U.S., foreign states (particularly allies), and transnational actors are examined. Prerequisite: PS 12 or consent of instructor.

142I. National and International Security (4)
A survey of theories of defense policies and international security.

142J. National Security Strategy (4)
A survey of American strategies for national defense. Topics may include deterrence, coercive diplomacy, limited war, and unconventional warfare.

142K. Politics and Warfare (4)
This course offers an exploration of general theories of the origins of warfare; the impact of the state on war in the modern world; and the micro-foundations of combat and compliance in the context of the costs of war and military mobilization. The course should be of special interest to students in international relations and comparative politics.

144AA. Politics and the International Economic Order (4)
This course examines the interplay of politics and economics in international relations and entails a review of the history of the international economic order from the seventh century through the present. Stress is placed on the evolution of the bargaining about money, trade, and investment.

144AB. Selected Topics in International Political Economy (4)
This course will consider major theories purporting to explain and predict the workings of the international order from the point of view of political economy. An extended discussion of one aspect of the economic order (e.g., the multinational corporation) will serve as the test case. PS 144AA and one quarter of economics recommended. Prerequisite: PS 12.

144D. Political Dimensions of International Finance (4)
(Conjoined with PS 262, IP/Gen 402, and IP 202.) Examination of effects of national policies and international collaboration of public and private international financial institutions, in particular management of international debt crisis, economic policy coordination, and the role of international lender of last resort. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or permission of instructor. Previous background in economics strongly recommended.

144E. The Politics of International Trade (4)
Examines theories of trade and protectionism, focusing both on relations among advanced industrial nations and on relations between developed and developing countries. Topics include standard and strategic trade theory, nontariff barriers to trade, export-led growth strategies, regional trade agreements, and the future of the WTO.

145A. International Politics and Drugs (4)
This course examines the domestic and international aspects of the drug trade. It will investigate the drug issues from the perspectives of consumers, producers, traffickers, money launderers, and law enforcement. Course material covers the experience of the United States, Latin America, Turkey, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and Japan.

145B. Conflict and Cooperation in International Politics (4)
Course on how countries overcome problems of conflict and cooperation in their dealings with one another. Focuses on theories of emergence of cooperation among states and applies these to various issue-areas. Subjects examined include international monetary relations, military alliances, economic sanctions, human rights, arms control, international trade, and others. Prerequisite: PS 12.

145C. International Relations After the Cold War: Theory and Prospect (4)
The nature of international politics appears to have changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War in 1989. This course applies different theoretical approaches to enhance our understanding of the new international environment, the future prospects for peace and war, and current problems of foreign policy.

146A. The U.S. and Latin America: Political and Economic Relations (4)
An analytical survey of U.S. relations with Latin America from the 1820s to the present, with particular emphasis on the post-Cold War environment. Topics include free trade and economic integration; drugs and drug trafficking; illegal migration and immigration control. Focus covers U.S. policy, Latin American reactions, dynamics of cooperation, and options for the future.

146E. U.S.-Latin American Relations: Security Issues (4)
This course will examine the history of security relations in the western hemisphere. They will be considered in global, regional, and rational contexts. International institutions, economic relations, domestic politics, and military issues will be examined for their contribution to explaining the evolution of the inter-American security agenda from independence to the post-Cold War. Prerequisite: PS 12.

146XL. 146E U.S.-Latin American Relations: Security Issues Foreign Language Discussion Section (1)
Students will exercise advanced foreign language skills to discuss materials in the PS 146E course. This section is taught by the course professor; has no final exam, and does not affect grade in PS 146E. Prerequisite: must be co-registered in PS 146E.

147A. Soviet Foreign Policy
This course analyzes Soviet international behavior over seven decades, with particular attention to the period of Soviet superpower status. Close attention will be given to competing explanations for Soviet behavior, to the diverging assessments of Soviet power, and to specific modes of Soviet behavior such as weapons procurement, military intervention, and arms control compliance.

150A. Politics of Immigration (4)
Comparative analysis of attempts by the United States, western Europe, and Japan to initiate, regulate and reduce immigration from Third World countries. Social and economic factors shaping outcomes of immigration policies, public opinion toward immigrants, anti-immigration movements, and immigration policy reform options in industrialized countries.

150B. Politics of Immigration (4)
Continuation of PS 150A. Impacts of U.S. immigration laws and policies on experiences of specific immigrant groups (Mexicans, Central Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Southeast Asians, Europeans). Immigrants as political actors in United States, Europe, and Japan. Interactions between local and national immigration policies.

152. Foreign Policy Analysis (4)
This upper-division course focuses on the comparative study of foreign policies in contemporary and historical world affairs. Competing theoretical approaches drawn from international, domestic, and individual levels of analyses will be examined. War, security, alliances, and international crises will be used to evaluate the utility of competing approaches. Prerequisite: PS 12.

154. Special Topics in International Relations (4)
An undergraduate course designed to cover various aspects of international relations.

Policy Analysis

160AA. Introduction to Policy Analysis (4)
(Same as USP 101) This course will explore the process by which the preferences of individuals are converted into public policy. Also included will be an examination of the complexity of policy problems, methods for designing better policies, and a review of tools used by analysts and policy makers. Prerequisite: PS 10 or 11.

160AB. Introduction to Policy Analysis (4)
In this course, students will use their knowledge of the political and economic foundations of public policy making to conduct research in a wide variety of public policy problems. Prerequisite: PS 160AA.

161. Understanding Direct Legislation (4)
The purpose of the course is to examine how the referendum, initiative, and recall (direct legislation) are used to determine policy. The class will survey the historical and contemporary direct legislation literature in order to understand the popular and academic debate concerning direct legislation's use.

162. Environmental Policy (4)
This course will explore contemporary environmental issues such as global warming, endangered species, and land use. Students will be asked to analyze various policy options and to write case analyses. Policies may be debated in class.

165. Special Topic: Policy Analysis (4)
An undergraduate course designed to cover various aspects of policy analysis.

166F. The American Welfare State (4)
(Same as USP 112) This course examines the building of the welfare state in the twentieth century. Topics include the legacy of progressivism, the New Deal and Great Society; Reaganite retrenchment; social programs, party and electoral dynamics; and the welfare state's impact on groups and the class structure.

167A-B. Seminar: Public Policy Analysis (4-4)
Students are asked to analyze various policy options related to contemporary American policy issues. Students are also required to do directed research on policy issues, to write case analyses based on their findings, and to debate policy alternatives in class. Prerequisite: PS 10 or 11.

168. Policy Assessment (4)
The use of real data to assess policy alternatives. Introduction to benefit/cost analysis, decision theory, and the valuation of public goods. Applications to health, environmental, and regulatory economic policy making.

Research Methods

170A. Introductory Statistics for Political Science and Public Policy (4)
Introduction to the use of statistics in both political science and public policy, concentrating on regression based approaches. Students undertake a series of small quantitative analyses and one project. Prerequisites: PS 60, Soc. Sci. 60, PS 30, Psych. 60 or equivalent or consent of instructor.

181. Field Research Methods (4)
Introductory survey of methods used by political and other social scientists to gather primary research data, including sample surveys, "elite" interviewing, ethnographic observation, and archival research. Students will have opportunities for practical application of one or more of these methods. Prerequisites: PS 10, 11, or 12; permission of instructor; department stamp; student must be interviewed by instructor.

Special Studies

191A-B. Senior Honors Seminar: Frontiers of Political Science (4-4)
This course is open only to seniors interested in qualifying for departmental honors. Admission to the course will be determined by the department. Each student will write an honors essay under the supervision of a member of the faculty. Prerequisites: department stamp; senior standing; PS major with 3.5 GPA or consent of instructor; significant writing project and recommendation by political science faculty member.

194. Research Seminar in Washington, D.C. (4)
(Same as Com/Gen 194; USP 194, HIST 193, SocE 194, ERTH 194, COGS 194) Course attached to six-unit internship taken by students participating in the UCDC program. Involves weekly seminar meetings with faculty and teaching assistant and a substantial research paper. Prerequisites: participating in UCDC program.

197I. Political Science Washington Internship (6)
This internship is attached to the UC in DC Program. Students participating in the UC in DC Program are placed in an internship in the Washington, DC, area for twenty-four hours per week. Prerequisites: must be enrolled in the UC in DC Program.

199. Independent Study for Undergraduates (2 or 4)
Independent reading in advanced political science by individual students. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

Graduate

All graduate courses are categorized as either seminars or independent study.

Seminars

200. Political Science: Scope and Methods (4)
This course examines a variety of approaches to the study of politics, focusing on their intellectual history, canonical works that illustrate their major themes, and methodological critiques and defenses. The course seeks to clarify how interesting and important questions are discovered and how appropriate research is designed and executed.

201. Politics, Political Science, and Political Theory (4)
An analysis of the intersections of political theory, political science, and politics. Readings will vary from year to year. Themes include liberalism and democracy, rights and interests, voting and representation, citizenship and equality. This course is required of all graduate students in political science. No prior work in political theory is presupposed. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

203. Math for Political Science (4)
Mathematical skills necessary for doing graduate work in political science. Topics include optimization, linear algebra, probability, set theory, and formal logic.

210A. Systems of Political Thought (I): Thucydides to Hobbes (4)
This course will review major texts and selected commentaries in the history of political thought as preparation for the field examination. Readings will include Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Machiavelli, and Hobbes. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

210B. Systems of Political Thought (II): Locke to Nietzsche (4)
This course will review major texts and selected commentaries in the history of political thought as preparation for the field examination. Readings will include Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Marx, Mill, and Nietzsche. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

211A. American Political Thought (4)
This course explores American debates over political ideals, institutions, and identity from the Puritans to the present. Themes will include freedom and slavery, sovereignty and representation, individual and community, diversity and equality. Readings will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

212A. The Political Uses of Antiquity (4)
This course explores debates in the history of political thought about classical antiquity and its relationship to the modern world. The meaning, motivation, and significance of gestures toward antiquity as a model for judging contemporary politics and culture will be discussed. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

213A. Contemporary Political Theory (4)
This course focuses on theories and topics since the mid-nineteenth century. Among the themes to be discussed are authority, power, leadership, modernity, and post-modernity. Readings will include Nietzsche, Weber, Lenin, Freud, Oakeshott, Dewey, Focault, Walzer, and Rawls. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

213B. Chinese and Japanese Political Thought (I) (4)
An examination of the competing philosophical traditions of ancient and modern China and Japan, with an eye toward understanding how these have been reflected in Chinese and Japanese development. Readings and class sessions will be in English, although students with Chinese or Japanese language capability will be given the opportunity to use their special skills. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

213C. Chinese and Japanese Political Thought (II) (4)
A continuation of 213B which follows political philosophical themes in China and Japan through the twentieth century. Important topics will include Buddhism and Confucianism as they changed in each context in response to internal and external stimuli. Prerequisites: PS 213B and preferable that students be able to read modern or classical Chinese or Japanese.

214. Marxist Political Philosophy (4)
An examination of selected texts in Marxist and post-Marxist political philosophy, with a focus on the theme of individual and collective identity including issues concerning alienation, consciousness, and ideology. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

215. The Self and the Political Order (4)
The course deals with the interrelationship of understandings of the political order and understandings of the self. The course will focus on the two great theorists of modernity, Rousseau and Nietzsche. Extensive readings from primary and secondary sources. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

216. Radical Thought: Theologies of Liberation (4)
An examination of theologies of liberation combining Marxist social critiques with Christian Theological perspectives. The course will compare Augustinian theology and mainstream Roman Catholic social teachings with alternative Latin American, African, and feminist theologies embracing radical change in social structures. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

217. Feminist Political Theory (4)
This course focuses on contemporary feminist political thought. Topics: theories of gender construction; relationship between gender and traditional political concepts; and debates about the social and political subordination of women. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

218A. The "Political" in Systematic Theology (4)
An historical analysis of systematic theology in the Judeo-Christian tradition as political theory. Emphasis is placed on the politicization of the political dimensions of the early Church, its encounter with positivism, and the emergence of Catholic social doctrine. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Two courses in philosophy, or political or social theory are recommended, or graduate standing.

218B. The Political Theory of Liberation Theology (4)
A comparative study of liberation theologies, including Continental, Latin American, South African, and East Asian. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor .

219. Special Topics in Political Theory (4)
This seminar is an examination of the different approaches to the study of political theory. Issues and research areas will vary each time the course is offered. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

220. Comparative Politics: State and Society (4)
This course will provide a general literature review in comparative politics to serve as preparation for the field examination. Prerequisite: graduate standing in any discipline in the social sciences or humanities, or consent of instructor.

221. Comparative Politics: Institutions (4)
This is a second course in comparative politics designed as a preparation for the field examination. It will focus on the comparative study of political institutions. Prerequisite: graduate standing in any discipline in the social sciences or humanities, or consent of instructor.

222. Measuring Democracy (4)
Research seminar that focuses on the problems of measurement, operationalization, and validity in the comparative study of types, causes, and consequences of democracy.

222A. American Politics in Comparative Perspective (4)
Research seminar that focuses on the systematic comparison of the American political system with about thirty other contemporary democracies, particularly the other large industrialized countries. A central aim will be to assess the claims about American "exceptionalism." Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

223A-B. Comparative Parliamentary Studies (4-4)
This course surveys the academic literature on parliamentary studies comparing the research on legislative elections. Behavior and organization in American, European, and Asian democracies. The course will also compare various approaches to studying legislative activity. Prerequisite: graduate standing.

224. The Politics of Democratization (4)
This course will examine the following questions: Why do some countries fail and others succeed in establishing democracies? How do leaders "institutionalize" uncertainty? Should economic or political liberalization come first? Why are there periodic "waves" of democratic breakthrough and breakdown? Prerequisite: graduate standing.

225. The Politics of Divided Societies (4)
Research seminar that surveys the theoretical literature on divided societies in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, particularly conflict and peacemaking in multiethnic countries. Cases to be studied in depth will be selected in accordance with students' area and country interests. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

226. Authoritarian Politics (4)
Research seminar that surveys the theoretical literature on non-democratic political systems. Readings draw from cases in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

227. Marxism and National Development in East Asia (4)
A systematic consideration of the significance—positive and negative—of Marxism in the recent history of East Asia. Emphasis is placed on the role of Marxism as a conception of "modernity" and as a model of "development." Prerequisite: graduate standing.

228. Bureaucracy and Public Policy (4)
(Conjoined with IRGN 407 and IRGN 207) What determines the degree of influence bureaucrats exert over public policy outcomes, versus the influence of politicians? Overview of themes such as developmental state, state autonomy, legislative oversight, clientelism, corruption. Applications to Japan, East Asia, United States, and Latin America. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

229. Special Topics in Comparative Politics (4)
This seminar is an examination of the different approaches to the study of comparative politics. Issues and research areas will vary each time the course is offered. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

230A-B. The Mexican Political System (4-4)
An interdisciplinary graduate seminar covering selected aspects of Mexican politics, economic development, and social change. Attention to both domestic and international factors affecting Mexico's transition to a more democratic system. Materials to be drawn from literatures in anthropology, economics, history (twentieth century), political science, sociology, urban studies, and communication. Topics vary from year to year partly reflecting research interests of participating students. Students are expected to write substantial research papers or thesis proposals. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

231A. Political and Economic Development in Eastern Europe: Historical Perspective (4)
This course deals with issues in economic and political development in Eastern Europe prior to World War II. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

231B. Socialism in Eastern Europe (4)
This course focuses on the economics and politics of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe. It will deal both with Marxist theory as well as its practical ramifications as institutionalized in the economies and political orders in Eastern Europe. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

231C. The Post-Socialist Evolution of Eastern Europe (4)
This course focuses on the contemporary political and economic order that is emerging in various states of Eastern Europe. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

231D. Politics of the Soviet Successor States (4)
A colloquium surveying major controversies in the analyses of Soviet and post-Soviet politics. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor. Cannot also receive credit for PS 231.

232. The Chinese Political System (4)
The evolution of political institutions and processes in the People's Republic of China. The course will examine the changing roles of the leader, the Communist Party, the government, the army; the shifting authority relations between central and local governments; and changing patterns of citizen behavior. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

232B. Politics and Revolution in China and Japan (4)
An intensive examination of the quests for modernity undertaken by Chinese and Japanese leaders from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship among indigenous values, international pressures, and issues concerning national identity. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

232C. Political Development and Modern China (4)
Political development has dominated the study of comparative politics among U.S. academicians since the revival of the Cold War in 1947. This course examines critically this paradigm and its Western philosophical roots in the context of the experience of modern China. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

235A. Latin American Politics (4)
(Conjoined with IP/Gen 477 and IP 277.) Introduc-tory reading seminar on Latin American politics to acquaint students with leading schools of thought, provide critical perspective on premises and methodology, and identify themes for further inquiry. Themes include authoritarianism, revolution, democratization, regional conflict, and the emergence of middle-level powers. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

235B. Regime Transformation in Latin America (4)
This seminar will focus on processes of regime transformation in Latin America, with particular emphasis on recent patterns of democratization. The goals will be to explore the current literature, to examine its theoretical foundations, to identify unresolved questions, and to frame topics for further research. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

236. Immigration Policy and Politics (4)
An interdisciplinary seminar covering origins, consequences, and characteristics of worker migration from Third World countries (especially Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean basin) to the United States, from the nineteenth century to the present.

240. International Relations Theory (4)
A survey of the principal theories and approaches to the study of international relations. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

243. International Security (4)
A colloquium surveying the major theoretical controversies in the study of international and national security. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

244. Models of International Change (4)
The seminar will explore models that account for international change by linking international (systemic or structural) and domestic variables. Particular attention will be given to evolutionary and learning models as they have been employed in a number of disciplines. Prerequisites: MPIA students—IP/Core 410; Ph.D. students—no prerequisites.

244A. European Integration (4)
This seminar provides perspectives on the theories and politics of European integration. Analysis will focus on the development of the European Union, the functioning of core institutions, and the challenges of creating a supranational political regime.

245. International Political Economy (4)
A seminar surveying the major theoretical controversies in the study of international political economy. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

246. Formal Theory in International Relations (4)
This course covers the rudiments of game theory and its use in the study of international relations to explore various substantive and theoretical issues. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

248. Special Topics in International Relations (4)
(Same as IRGN 290) This seminar is an examination of the different approaches to the study of international relations. Issues and research areas will vary each time the course is offered. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

250. American Politics (4)
This course will provide a general literature review in American politics to serve as preparation for the field examination. Prerequisite: graduate standing in any discipline in the social sciences or humanities, or consent of the instructor.

251. American Political Institutions (4)
A critical examination of major contributions to the theoretical and empirical literature on the U.S. Congress, presidency, and federal bureaucracy. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

252. American Politics: Behavior
Theoretical and empirical perspectives on voting and other forms of political participation, parties, interest groups, and public opinion in the United States. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

254. American Political Development (4)
This course examines the historical evolution of the American state with particular attention to theories of political development. Special topics include the development of the party system, electoral and policy realignments, and the evolution of national political institutions. Prerequisite: graduate standing in any discipline of the social sciences or humanities or consent of instructor.

255. Urban Politics (4)
Examines central works on the development of political institutions in U.S. cities; analyses of community power structures; who governs, why, and to what ends; processes and prospects for minority empowerment; the prominence of "growth machines"; the political economy of contemporary cities. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

256. Jurisprudence and Public Law (4)
An introduction to the field, including discussion of major jurisprudential theories (Dworkin, Ely, etc.) and constitutional controversies (e.g., abortion, the First Amendment). Prerequisite: graduate standing.

257. Voting and Elections (4)
This course is designed to acquaint graduate students with the central themes and issues in the study of voting in national elections. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

258. Advanced Topics in Jurisprudence and Public Law (4)
This seminar will explore a single broad topic in depth, using both case material and discussions of the topic in empirical and theoretical literature. Examples of topics include race and the law; and sexuality, gender, and the law. Intended for graduate students preparing general exams in jurisprudence and public law, American politics, and political theory.

259. Special Topics in American Politics (4)
This seminar is an examination of the different approaches to the study of American politics. Issues and research areas will vary each time the course is offered. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

260. Political Economy: Institutional Change (4)
This advanced seminar will focus on attempts to use economic theory in comparative and American politics. The micro foundations of macro models will be stressed. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

262. International Political Economy: Money and Finance (4)
Examination of effects of national policies and international collaboration of public and private international financial institutions, in particular management of international debt crises, economic policy coordination, and the role of international lender of last resort. Prerequisite: graduate standing.

270A. Introductory Statistics for Political Science and Public Policy (4)
Introduction to the use of statistics in both political science and public policy, concentrating on regression based approaches. Students undertake a series of small quantitative analyses, one project, and a literature review. Prerequisite: graduate standing in any discipline in the social sciences or humanities or consent of instructor.

271A-B. Advanced Statistical Applications (4-4)
Use of advanced quantitative techniques in political science. Students will use political science data to complete small exercises and a major project. Prerequisites: PS 270A for 271A, 271A for 271B.

273A. Basic Game Theory (4)
The first of a two part sequence, this course introduces students to the rudiments of decision theory and game theory. Emphasis will be placed on modeling and solving games. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

273B. Game Theory and Political Applications (4)
This course builds on the concepts and methods in 273A, exploring the use of formal models in political science. Prerequisite: PS 273A or consent of instructor.

274. Axiomatic Social Choice Theory (4)
An introduction to some of the central issues in the axiomatic approach to social choice initiated by Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values. Because of the many complexities that underly an analysis of social choice, the course will be quite technical in nature. Prerequisite: PS 250 or consent of instructor.

281A-B-C. Workshop on Political Institutions (4-4-4)
Examination of recent research in American politics and comparative politics concerning political institutions; development and presentation of research projects by graduate students; presentations of research projects by faculty. Second year students present seminar paper; third year students present dissertation prospectus; candidates make yearly presentations of dissertation research. Prerequisite: PS 202.

282A-B-C. Workshop on State and Society (4-4-4)
Examination of recent research in American politics, comparative politics, and political theory concerning the relationship of politics to society; development and presentation of research projects by graduate students; presentations of research projects by faculty. Second-year students present seminar paper; third-year students present dissertation prospectus; candidates make yearly presentations of dissertation research. Prerequisite: PS 202 or consent of instructor.

283A-B-C. Workshop in International Relations (4-4-4)
Examination of recent research in international politics; development and presentation of research projects by graduate students; presentations of research projects by faculty. Second year students present seminar paper; third year students present dissertation prospectus; candidates make yearly presentation of dissertation research. Prerequisite: PS 202 or permission of instructor.

284. Workshop on Scientific Communication (4)
Forms of scientific communication, practical exercise in scientific writing and short oral communication, and in criticism and editing; preparation of illustrations, preparation of proposals; scientific societies, and the history of scientific communication. Examples from any field of science, most commonly political science, economics, and law. Prerequisite: PS 202 or consent of instructor.

285. Workshop: Law and Social Science Colloquium (4)
A weekly, multi-disciplinary colloquium for presentations from scholars in psychology, political science, cognitive science, and other areas (UCSD and other campuses). Presented by the Public Policy Research Project, research and approaches to studying law and the courts will be the focus. Short review papers due weekly. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

286A-B-C Workshop in Political Analysis (4-4-4)
Students will read and critique new research articles in political analysis. Students will present these critiques to the workshop. Students will also present their own methodological analyses to the workshop. Prerequisite: graduate standing or consent of instructor.

Independent Study

291A. Research Tutorial in American Politics (4)
Tutorial in a selected area of American politics leading to a research paper. The content of each tutorial will be determined by the professor. Prerequisite: graduate standing in political science.

291B. Research Tutorial in Comparative Politics (4)
Tutorial in a selected area of comparative politics leading to a research paper. The content of each tutorial will be determined by the professor. Prerequisite: graduate standing in political science.

291C. Research Tutorial in International Relations (4)
Tutorial in a selected area of international relations leading to a research paper. The content of each tutorial will be determined by the professor. Prerequisite: graduate standing in political science.

291D. Research Tutorial in Political Theory (4)
Tutorial in a selected area of political theory leading to a research paper. The content of each tutorial will be determined by the professor. Prerequisite: graduate standing in political science.

298. Directed Reading (1-12)
Guided and supervised reading in the literature of the several fields of political science.

299. Dissertation Research (1-12)
Independent work by graduate students engaged in research and writing of second-year paper and doctoral dissertation, under direct supervision of adviser.

500. Apprentice Teaching (1-4)
A course in which teaching assistants are aided in learning proper teaching methods by means of supervision of their work by the faculty: handling of discussions, preparation, and grading of examinations and other written exercises, and student relations. Twenty-four units of teaching apprenticeship meets the department teaching requirement for the Ph.D. degree.

501. Seminar on Teaching Development—American Politics (1-4)
A seminar designed for graduate students serving as teaching assistants in American politics, includes discussion of teaching theories, techniques, and materials, conduct of discussion sessions, and participation in examinations, under the supervision of the instructor in charge of the course. Prerequisite: graduate standing.

502. Seminar on Teaching Development—Comparative Politics (1-4)
A seminar designed for graduate students serving as teaching assistants in comparative politics, includes discussion of teaching theories, techniques, and materials, conduct of discussion sessions, and participation in examinations, under the supervision of the instructor in charge of the course. Prerequisite: graduate standing.

503. Seminar on Teaching Development—International Relations (1-4)
A seminar designed for graduate students serving as teaching assistants in international relations, includes discussion of teaching theories, techniques, and materials, conduct of discussion sessions, and participation in examinations, under the supervision of the instructor in charge of the course. Prerequisite: graduate standing.