OFFICE: 7002 H&SS, Muir College

Web site:
http://www.ucsd.edu
/philosophy

Professors

Georgios H. Anagnostopoulos, Ph.D., Chair

Richard J. Arneson, Ph.D., Graduate Adviser

David O. Brink, Ph.D.

Nancy D. Cartwright, Ph.D.

Patricia Smith Churchland, B.Phil., Presidential Professor of Philosophy

Paul M. Churchland, Ph.D.

Gerald D. Doppelt, Ph.D., Academic Senate Distinguished Teaching Award

Clark N. Glymour, Ph.D., Valtz Family Professor of Philosophy

Gila Sher, Ph.D.

Associate Professors

Michael O. Hardimon, Ph.D.

Wayne M. Martin, Ph.D., Undergraduate Adviser

Donald Rutherford, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Craig Callender, Ph.D.

Rick Grush, Ph.D.

Emeriti Professors

Henry E. Allison, Ph.D., Research Professor (not in-residence)

Edward N. Lee, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

Frederick A. Olafson, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

Avrum Stroll, Ph.D., Research Professor

1. History of Philosophy. Majors must complete three courses in the history of philosophy. At least one course must be in ancient philosophy (courses 31, 100–103) and one course must be in modern philosophy (courses 32–33 and 104–107). This requirement can be met by taking the lower-division sequence 31, 32, 33 or by taking any suitable combination of courses from the sequences 31–33 and 100–110.
   
2. Logic. Philosophy 120 (formerly Philosophy 110) is required of all majors. Note that Philosophy 120 has as a prerequisite Philosophy 10 (or an equivalent course from another department or institution). Because Philosophy 120 is a prerequisite for a variety of upper-division courses, prospective majors are strongly encouraged to take it and Philosophy 10 (or its equivalent) as early as possible.
   
3. Moral and Political Philosophy. Majors must take at least one upper-division course in moral or political philosophy from among Philosophy 160, 161, 166, or 167.
   
4. Metaphysics and Epistemology. Majors must take at least one upper-division course in traditional areas of analytic philosophy—metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind—from among Philosophy 130, 132, 134, or 136.

Grade Rules for Majors/Minors

All courses applied toward the major or minor must be completed with a grade of C– or higher. Further, a GPA of 2.0 must be maintained in courses applied toward the major or minor. It should be noted that courses taken under the Pass/Not-Pass (P/NP) grading option cannot be applied toward the major or minor.

Honors Program

The philosophy department offers an honors program for outstanding students in the major. Majors who have a 3.7 GPA in philosophy (3.25 overall) at the end of their junior year and who have taken at least four upper-division philosophy courses are eligible to apply. Interested students must consult with a faculty sponsor by the last day of classes during the spring term of their junior year. Admission to the honors program requires nomination by a faculty sponsor and approval of the undergraduate adviser. Nominating Petitions can be obtained from the undergraduate coordinator.

In addition to the usual major requirements, an honors student is required to complete a senior honors thesis by the end of winter quarter. During the fall and winter quarters, the student will be registered for Philosophy 191 and 192 and will be engaged in thesis research that will be supervised and evaluated by the student's faculty sponsor. A departmental committee will read and assess the completed thesis and determine if philosophy honors are to be awarded. Honors students are expected to maintain an average of 3.7 or better for all work taken in the program. (Qualified students wishing to participate in the honors program according to a different timetable than the one described above can apply to do so by petitioning the undergraduate adviser.)

Transfer Credit

Courses taken at other institutions may be applied toward the major by petition only. Petitions should be submitted to the undergraduate coordinator, and must be accompanied by supporting materials (transcripts, syllabi, course work, etc.). Students are required to submit one petition per transfer course.

For specific regulations regarding transfer credit for Philosophy 10 (Introduction to Logic), please see the information on the department Web site: http://www.ucsd.edu/philosophy.

It is important to note that eight of the twelve upper-division courses in the major must be taken in the Department of Philosophy at UCSD.

Note: All courses applied towards major must be taken for a letter grade.

Undergraduate Program- Minor

The Department of Philosophy offers a minor in philosophy. A minor requires a total of seven philosophy courses, at least five of which must be upper-division. All courses must be taken for a letter grade.

Advising Office

Students who desire additional information concerning our course offerings or program may contact individual faculty or the undergraduate adviser through the department office at 7030 H&SS, (858) 534-3077.

Graduate Program Requirements

The department offers programs leading to the M.A. and Ph.D. It is the intention of the graduate program to enable the student to obtain an understanding of divergent philosophical traditions and to develop as a philosopher in his or her own right. To this end, the department offers courses and seminars in the history of philosophy and in traditional and contemporary philosophical issues, from a variety of perspectives.

Master's Degree Programs

To qualify for a master's degree in philosophy, a student must pass eight of the distribution requirement seminars as described below, under the subheading "Distribution Requirements." At least one of the seminars must be from the ethic/social-political category, and no more than four from either of the other two areas may count toward the master's degree. The student must also complete a master's research paper, under the direction of a faculty member of his or her choice, and have it approved by two members of the department faculty.

Although Ph.D. students sometimes elect to complete their studies with a master's degree, we do not admit students to a master's degree program.

Doctoral Degree Program

Course Work

During the first two years of residence the student's course work will normally total thirty-six units (nine courses) per year. At least twelve of these units in each year must be graduate philosophy seminars (those numbered 201–285). The balance may be made up from additional graduate courses in philosophy, upper-division courses in philosophy (those numbered 100–199), approved upper-division or graduate courses in related departments, and, if the student is a teaching assistant, Philosophy 500 (Apprentice Teaching).

Before the beginning of each term, and especially before the fall term, students are required to have their course choices approved by an assigned adviser. Courses should be chosen with an eye toward meeting the program's distribution requirements, as outlined below.

Logic Requirement

During the first term of residence, all entering graduate students will taken an examination designed to demonstrate their level of proficiency in formal logic. The examination covers the predicate calculus, up to and including functions, relations, and identity. Students who pass the examination with a grade of B+ or better have satisfied the first component of the logic requirement. Students who do not score a B+ or better must take Philosophy 120 (Symbolic Logic I) during the first year of study and achieve a grade of B+ or better. By the end of the sixth term of residence, all students must also pass an advanced logic course (Philosophy 121, 122, 211, or another logic class approved by the graduate adviser) with at least a grade of B+.

Distribution Requirements

By the end of the seventh quarter of residence, a student must have completed ten graduate seminars in philosophy. The seminars must be distributed across the following areas:

1. Four seminars in the history of philosophy. At least one of these courses must be in ancient philosophy; at least one must be in modern philosophy.
   
2. Two seminars chosen from the fields of ethics, social philosophy, political philosophy.
   
3. Four seminars chosen (in any combination) from the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of logic.

Courses used to satisfy a requirement in one category cannot be used to satisfy a requirement in another category.

At the end of the fifth quarter of residence, a student must have completed eight of the required seminars. In order to remain in the program, a student must have attained an average of B+ or better in all philosophy seminars completed by this point.

Before the beginning of each quarter, and especially before the fall quarter, a student is required to have all course choices approved by a faculty adviser.

Independent Study Courses

Philosophy 290 (Directed Independent Study) is appropriate for a graduate student still in the process of fulfilling course requirements for the degree.

Philosophy 295 (Research Topics) is an appropriate course for a student in the process of coming up with a dissertation prospectus.

Philosophy 299 (Thesis Research) is appropriate for a student working on his or her dissertation.

Language Requirement

Before advancing to candidacy, all students must demonstrate reading proficiency in one of the following languages:

German
French
Latin
Classical Greek

If a student's chosen dissertation topic requires competence in a second language from the above list, then the student's dissertation adviser can require suitable demonstration of competence. In special circumstances students may be permitted to substitute a different language or a special competency (such as a specialized computer language) if educationally compelling reasons can be given for doing so. These exceptions will be decided on a case-by-case basis by the department as a whole or by a committee it delegates.

Third Year

In the third year of residence, the student must complete with a passing grade at least one regular graduate seminar in each quarter until the end of that year or admission to candidacy, whichever comes first.

Dissertation Prospectus and Oral Candidacy Exam

Some time after completing the distribution requirements, the student must submit a dissertation prospectus to his or her doctoral committee. The committee will then orally examine the student on the intended subject and plan of the research. The examination will seek to establish that the thesis proposed is a satisfactory subject of research and that the student has the preparation and the abilities necessary to complete that research. This oral qualifying examination must be passed before the end of the twelfth quarter of residence. Students who are passed and have met the other requirements will be advanced to candidacy for the Ph.D.

Teaching Requirements

Participation in undergraduate teaching is one of the requirements for a Ph.D. in philosophy. The student is required to serve as a teaching assistant for the equivalent of one-quarter time for three academic quarters. The duties of a teaching assistant normally entail grading papers and examinations, conducting discussion sections, and related activities, including attendance at lectures in the course for which he or she is assisting.

Doctoral Dissertation

Under the supervision of a doctoral committee, each candidate will write a dissertation demonstrating a capacity to engage in original and independent research. The candidate will defend the thesis in an oral examination by the doctoral committee. (See "Graduate Studies: The Doctor of Philosophy Degree.")

Application Request

For information regarding the graduate program call (858) 534-6809 or write to: University of California, San Diego; Graduate Adviser; Philosophy, 0119; 9500 Gilman Drive; La Jolla, CA 92093-0119.

Email address: casmann@ucsd.edu.

Joint Degree Programs

The philosophy department at UCSD participates in two interdisciplinary programs, the requirements for which are outlined below. For each program, students are expected to satisfy roughly two-thirds of the distribution requirements in the philosophy program. This means that instead of ten philosophy seminars at the end of the seventh quarter, students must have completed six (properly distributed), and that instead of eight philosophy seminars by the end of the fifth quarter, students in those programs must have completed five, with a cumulative average of B+ or better.

Joint Degree Program with the UCSD Cognitive Science Faculty

The UCSD cognitive science faculty is an interdisciplinary group of twenty-seven scholars drawn from the Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, Biology, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Enginee-ring, Linguistics, Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropo-logy, and Psychiatry. This group includes many of the outstanding figures in contemporary cognitive science.

Students wishing to pursue a Ph.D. in "Cognitive Science and Philosophy" register in the philosophy program in the normal fashion, but pursue a significant portion of their studies within an interdisciplinary group of departments affiliated with the Department of Cognitive Science. These departments include Anthropology, Computer Science and Engineering, Linguistics, Neurosciences, Psychology, and Sociology. Stu-dents may apply for admission to the interdisciplinary program at the same time they apply to the Department of Philosophy, or at some point after entering UCSD. (All students wishing to transfer into any interdisciplinary program must do so prior to the end of the fifth quarter of residency.)

Students in philosophy/cognitive science studies are required to take:

1. A total of nine seminars in philosophy, including four courses from either history or epistemology and metaphysics, and two courses from one of the other groups listed above under the subheading "Distribution Require-ments." By the end of the fifth quarter of residence, a student must have taken at least five of these seminars (distributed across at least two areas), and must have achieved an average of B+ or better in all philosophy seminars taken up to that point. Failure to take a sufficient number of seminars or to achieve a B+ average means that the student may not continue in the program after the fifth quarter.
   
2. The equivalent of one year's course work (usually six courses) in one or more of the other departments affiliated with the Department of Cognitive Science.
   
3. Six quarters of Cognitive Science 200.

A plan detailing the course of study must be approved by the Cognitive Science Program Committee The dissertation should be interdisciplinary, reflecting the two areas of specialization.

Science Studies Program

The Science Studies Program at UCSD is committed to interdisciplinary investigations. Understanding, interpreting, and explaining the scientific enterprise demand a systematic integration of the perspectives developed within the history, sociology , and philosophy of science. The program offers students an opportunity to work towards such integration, while receiving a thorough training at the professional level in one of the component disciplines.

Students enrolled in the program choose one of the three disciplines for their major field of specialist studies, and are required to complete minor field requirements in the other two. The core of the program, however, is a year-long seminar in science studies, led by faculty from all three participating departments.

Students pursuing a "Philosophy and Science Studies" degree are required to take a total of eighteen courses. At least nine of these must be in philosophy, with the remainder drawn from history of science, sociology of science, or the sciences. The courses must satisfy distribution requirements: six seminars must be taken in philosophy by the end of the seventh quarter of residence, distributed across the three required areas listed above. No more than four and no fewer than two courses in any one area may be used to satisfy the requirements. Two courses must be taken in history of science; and two must be in sociology of science. All science studies students are required to take the science studies year-long core seminar. This seminar contributes toward the distribution requirements, counting as one seminar in history of science, one seminar in sociology of science, and one seminar in philosophy (the epistemology-metaphysics group). By the end of the fifth quarter of residence, a student must have taken at least five of these philosophy seminars (distributed across at least two areas), and must have achieved an average of B+ or better in all philosophy seminars taken up to that point. Failure to take a sufficient number of seminars or to achieve a B+ average means that the student may not continue in the program after the fifth quarter.

Students may apply for admission to the interdisciplinary program at the same time they apply to the Department of Philosophy, or at some point after entering UCSD. (All students wishing to transfer into any interdisciplinary program must do so prior to the end of the fifth quarter of residency.)

Ph.D. Time Limit Policies

Students must be advanced to candidacy by the end of four years. Total university support cannot exceed seven years. Total registered time at UCSD cannot exceed eight years.

Courses

Lower-Division

1. The Nature of Philosophy (4)
What is philosophy? A study of major philosophical questions, making use of both classical and contemporary sources. An introduction to the basic methods and strategies of philosophical inquiry.

10. Introduction to Logic (4)
Basic concepts and techniques in both informal and formal logic and reasoning, including a discussion of argument, inference, proof, and common fallacies, and an introduction to the syntax, semantics, and proof method in sentential (propositional) logic. (May be used to fulfill general-education requirements for Warren and Eleanor Roosevelt Colleges.)

12. Logic and Decision Making (4)
An introduction to the study of probability, inductive logic, scientific reasoning, and rational choice among competing hypotheses and alternative courses of action when the evidence is incomplete or uncertain. (May be used to fulfill general-education requirements for Marshall, Warren, and Eleanor Roosevelt Colleges.)

13. Introduction to Philosophy: Ethics (4)
An inquiry into the nature of morality and its role in personal or social life by way of classical and/or contemporary works in ethics. (May be used to fulfill general-education requirements for Muir and Marshall Colleges.)

14. Introduction to Philosophy: Metaphysics (4)
A survey of central issues and figures in the Western metaphysical tradition. Topics include the mind-body problem, freedom and determinism, personal identity, appearance and reality, and the existence of God. (May be used to fulfill general-education requirements for Muir and Marshall Colleges.)

15. Introduction to Philosophy: Theory of Knowledge (4)
A study of the grounds and scope of human knowledge, both commonsense and scientific, as portrayed in the competing traditions of Continental rationalism, British empiricism, and contemporary cognitive science. (May be used to fulfill general-education requirements for Muir and Marshall Colleges.)

27. Ethics and Society (4)
(Same as Political Science 27) An inquiry into the principles of ethical conduct and their applications. The course examines some of the major theories (including natural law, individual rights, utilitarianism) and the general issue of rights and obligations with respect to adherence to law (as in civil disobedience abortion and the refusal to obey an unjust law or order). Case studies will be employed to consider the relevance of these principles to various occupations such as business, engineering, law and government, in order to enable students to anticipate some of the difficulties that will arise for them in real-life situations whenever hard moral choices must be made. Satisfies the Warren College ethics and society requirement. This course is required for all Warren students entering the college in fall 1985 and thereafter.

31. History of Philosophy: Ancient Philosophy (4)
A survey of classical Greek philosophy with an emphasis on Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, though some consideration may be given to Presocratic and/or Hellenistic philosophers. (May be used in fulfilling the Muir College breadth requirement.)

32. History of Philosophy: The Origins of Modern Philosophy (4)
A survey of early modern philosophy. Beginning with the contrast between medieval and modern thought, the course focuses on modern philosophy and its relation to the scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Philosophers to be studied include Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. (May be used in fulfilling the Muir College breadth requirement.)

33. History of Philosophy: Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment (4)
A survey of the major philosophers of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with a focus on the British empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and Hume—and the critical philosophy of Kant. (May be used in fulfilling the Muir College Breadth requirement.)

Upper-Division

100. Plato (4)
A study of Socrates and/or Plato through major dialogues of Plato. Possible topics include the virtues and happiness; weakness of the will; political authority and democracy; the theory of Forms and sensible flux; immortality; relativism, skepticism, and knowledge. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

101. Aristotle (4)
A study of major issues in Aristotle's works, such as the categories; form and matter; substance, essence, and accident; the soul; virtue, happiness, and politics. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

102. Hellenistic Philosophy (4)
A study of selected texts from the main schools of Hellenistic philosophy—Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Skepticism. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

104. The Rationalists (4)
The major writings of one or more of the seventeenth century rationalists—Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Topics include the existence of God, the mind-body problem, free will, the nature of knowledge, belief, and error. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

105. The Empiricists (4)
The major writings of one or more of the British empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Reid. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

106. Kant (4)
A study of selected portions of the Critique of Pure Reason and other theoretical writings and/or his major works in moral theory. Prerequisite: Philosophy 33 or 105 or consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit with change in content and approval of the instructor.

107. Hegel (4)
A study of one or more of Hegel's major works, in particular, The Phenomenology of Spirit and The Philosophy of Right. Readings and discussion may also include other figures in the Idealist tradition—such as Fichte, HÚlderlin, and Schelling—and critics of the Idealist tradition—such as Marx and Kierkegaard. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

108. Nineteenth Century Philosophy (4)
A study of one or more figures in nineteenth-century philosophy, such as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Marx, Emerson, Thoreau, James, and Mill. The focus may be on particular figures or intellectual themes and traditions. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

109. History of Analytic Philosophy (4)
Central texts, figures, and traditions in analytic philosophy. Figures may include Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Carnap, Moore, Austin, Tarski, Quine, Davidson, Kripke, and Putnam. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: Philosophy 120 or consent of instructor.

110. Wittgenstein (4)
Central themes and writings in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Topics include the nature of logic and philosophy, solipsism, the private language argument, certainty, meaning, and rule-following. Readings include Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations, and On Certainty. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

111. Contemporary Work in Epistemology and Metaphysics (4)
A study of a prominent figure or central issue in contemporary epistemology and/or metaphysics. Exam-ples of figures: Quine, Putnam, Sellars; examples of issues: the problem of universals, the nature of self-knowledge, freedom, ontological relativity. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

115. Philosophical Methods Seminar (4)
This course provides an introduction to the techniques of philosophical inquiry through detailed study of selected philosophical texts and through extensive training in philosophical writing based on those texts. Enrollment limited and restricted to majors; must be taken for letter grade. May not be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: open to philosophy majors only.

120. Symbolic Logic I (4)
The syntax, semantics, and proof-theory of first-order predicate logic with identity, emphasizing both conceptual issues and practical skills (e.g. criteria for logical truth, consistency, and validity, the application of logical methods to everyday as well as scientific reasoning). Prerequisite: Philosophy 10 or consent of instructor.

121. Symbolic Logic II (4)
The meta-theory of first-order predicate logic: expressive power, the notions of a model, truth-in-a-model, effective procedure, proof and decidability, the completeness of first-order logic (co-extensionality of the semantic and proof-theoretic methods), etc. The course is fairly formal. Prerequisite: Philosophy 120 or consent of instructor.

122. Topics in Logic (4)
A study of new, extended, or alternative logics and/or special issues in meta-logic. Topics include the nature of logic, modal logic, higher-order logic, generalized logic, free logic, the Skolem-LÚwenheim theorem, the incompleteness of arithmetic, undecidability. May be repeated for credit with change in content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: Philosophy 120 (and for advanced topics: Philosophy 121) or consent of instructor.

123. Philosophy of Logic (4)
Philosophical issues underlying standard and non-standard logics, the nature of logical knowledge, the relation between logic and mathematics, the revisability of logic, truth and logic, ontological commitment and ontological relativity, logical consequence, etc. May be repeated for credit with change in content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: Philosophy 120 or consent of instructor.

125. Games and Decisions (4)
Formal and philosophical issues in the theory of games and the theory of rational decision. Prerequisite: Philosophy 12 or consent of instructor.

130. Metaphysics (4)
Central problems in metaphysics, such as free will and determinism, the mind-body problem, personal identity, causation, primary and secondary qualities, the nature of universals, necessity, and identity. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

131. Topics in Metaphysics (4)
An in-depth study of some central problem, figure, or tradition in metaphysics. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

132. Epistemology (4)
Central problems in epistemology such as skepticism; a priori knowledge; knowledge of other minds; self-knowledge; the problem of induction; foundationalist, coherence, and causal theories of knowledge. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

134. Philosophy of Language (4)
Examination of contemporary debates about meaning, reference, truth, and thought. Topics include descriptional theories of reference, sense and reference, compositionality, truth, theories of meaning, vagueness, metaphor, and natural and formal languages. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

136. Philosophy of Mind (4)
Different conceptions of the nature of mind and its relation to the physical world. Topics include identity theories, functionalism, eliminative materialism, internalism and externalism, subjectivity, other minds, consciousness, self-knowledge, perception, memory, and imagination. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

138. Consciousness (4)
Philosophical issues about consciousness, such as multiple or split consciousness, altered consciousness, perspectives and points of view, neuroscientific and cognitive theories, animal, machine, and social consciousness, the evolution of consciousness, zombies. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

139. The Nature of Representation (4)
A philosophical grounding in concepts and distinctions that govern the use of representations in various media, such as analog/digital, implicit/explicit, imagistic/propositional, indexical/descriptive, medium/message, distributed/local, symbolic/associative, situated/context-independent, and opaque/transparent. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

145. Philosophy of Science (4)
Central problems in philosophy of science, such as the nature of confirmation and explanation, the nature of scientific revolutions and progress, the unity of science, and realism and anti-realism. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

146. Philosophy of Physics (4)
Philosophical problems in the development of modern physics, such as the philosophy of space and time, the epistemology of geometry, the philosophical significance of Einstein's theory of relativity, the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the significance of modern cosmology. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

147. Philosophy of Biology (4)
Philosophical problems in the biological sciences, such as the relation between biology and the physical sciences, the status and structure of evolutionary theory, and the role of biology in the social sciences. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

148. Philosophy and the Environment (4)
Investigation of ethical and epistemological questions concerning our relationship to the environment. Topics may include the value of nature, biodiversity, policy and science, and responsibility to future generations. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

149. Philosophy of Psychology (4)
Philosophical issues raised by psychology, including the nature of psychological explanation, the role of nature versus nurture, free will and determinism, and the unity of the person. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

150. Philosophy of the Cognitive Sciences (4)
Theoretical, empirical, methodological, and philosophical issues at work in the cognitive sciences (e.g., Psychology, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Artificial Intel-ligence, and Computer Science), concerning things such as mental representation, consciousness, rationality, explanation, and nativism. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

151. Philosophy of Neuroscience (4)
An introduction to elementary neuroanatomy and neurophysiology and an examination of theoretical issues in cognitive neuroscience and their implications for traditional philosophical conceptions of the relation between mind and body, perception, consciousness, understanding, emotion, and the self. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

152. Philosophy of Social Science (4)
Philosophical issues of method and substance in the social sciences, such as causal and interpretive models of explanation, structuralism and methodological individualism, value neutrality, and relativism. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

153. Philosophy of History (4)
A study of classical and/or contemporary conceptions of history and historical knowledge. Topics may include the structure of historical explanation, historical progress, objectivity in historiography, hermeneutics and the human sciences. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

160. Ethical Theory (4)
Systematic and/or historical perspectives on central issues in ethical theory such as deontic, contractualist, and consequentialist conceptions of morality; rights and special obligations; the role of happiness and virtue in morality; moral conflict; ethical objectivity and relativism; and the rational authority of morality. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

161. Topics in the History of Ethics (4)
Central issues and texts in the history of ethics. Subject matter can vary, ranging from one philosopher (e.g., Aristotle, Hobbes, Kant, or Mill) to a historical tradition (e.g., Greek ethics or the British moralists). May be repeated for credit with change in content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

162. Contemporary Moral Issues (4)
An examination of contemporary moral issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, war, affirmative action, and freedom of speech. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

163. Bio-Medical Ethics (4)
Moral issues in medicine and the biological sciences, such as patient's rights and physician's responsibilities, abortion and euthanasia, the distribution of health care, experimentation, and genetic intervention. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

164. Technology and Human Values (4)
Philosophical issues involved in the development of modern science, the growth of technology, and control of the natural environment. The interaction of science and technology with human nature and political and moral ideals. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

166. Classics in Political Philosophy (4)
Central issues about the justification, proper functions, and limits of the state through classic texts in the history of political philosophy by figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Mill, and Marx. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

167. Contemporary Political Philosophy (4)
Different perspectives on central issues in contemporary political philosophy, such as the nature of state authority and political obligation, the limits of government and individual liberty, liberalism and its critics, equality and distributive justice. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

168. Philosophy of Law (4)
A study of issues in analytical jurisprudence such as the nature of law, the relation between law and morality, and the nature of legal interpretation and issues in normative jurisprudence such as the justification of punishment, paternalism and privacy, freedom of expression, and affirmative action. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

169. Feminism and Philosophy (4)
Examination of feminist critiques of, and alternatives to, traditional philosophical conceptions of such things as morality, politics, knowledge, and science. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

170. Philosophy and Race (4)
A philosophical investigation of the topics of race and racism. The role of "race" in ordinary speech. The ethics of racial discourse. Anthropological and biological conceptions of race. The social and political significance of racial categories. Post-racialist conceptions of race.

175. Aesthetics (4)
Central issues in philosophical aesthetics such as the nature of art and aesthetic experience, the grounds of artistic interpretation and evaluation, artistic representation, and the role of the arts in education, culture, and politics. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

177. Philosophy and Literature (4)
A study of philosophical themes contained in selected fiction, drama, or poetry, and the philosophical issues that arise in the interpretation, appreciation, and criticism of literature. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

180. Phenomenology (4)
An examination of the phenomenological tradition through the works of its major classical and/or contemporary representatives. Authors studied will vary and may include Brentano, Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas, Bourdieu. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

181. Existentialism (4)
Classical texts and issues of existentialism. Authors studied will vary and may include Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Heidegger. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

182. Marx and Marxism (4)
Central issues in the writings of the early and late Marx, such as alienation, false consciousness, exploitation, historical materialism, the critique of capitalism, and communism. Attention may be given to Marx's philosophical predecessors (e.g.,, Smith, Rousseau, Hegel, Feuerbach) and/or to subsequent developments in Marxism (e.g. the Frankfurt school and analytical Marxism). Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

183. Topics in Continental Philosophy (4)
The focus will be on a leading movement in continental philosophy (e.g., the critical theory of the Frankfurt school, structuralism and deconstruction, post-modernism) or some particular issue that has figured in these traditions (e.g., freedom, subjectivity, historicity, authenticity). May be repeated for credit with change in content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

185. Philosophy of Religion (4)
A general introduction to the philosophy of religion through the study of classical and/or contemporary texts. Among the issues to be discussed are the existence and nature of God, the problem of evil, the existence of miracles, the relation between reason and revelation, and the nature of religious language. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

190. Special Topics (4)
A special philosophical topic. May be repeated for credit with change of content and approval of instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

191. Philosophy Honors (4)
Independent study by special arrangement with and under the supervision of a faculty member, including a proposal for the honors essay. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of this quarter; a final grade will be given for both quarters at the end of 192. Prerequisites: department stamp; consent of instructor.

192. The Honors Essay (4)
Continuation of 191: independent study by special arrangement with and under the supervision of a faculty member, leading to the completion of the honors essay. A letter grade for both 191 and 192 will be given at the end of this quarter. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

199. Directed Individual Study (4)
Directed individual study by special arrangement with and under the supervision of a faculty member. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

Graduate Courses

201. Greek Philosophy (4)
A Study of selected authors and texts from the history of ancient Greek philosophy. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

204. Early Modern Philosophy (4)
A study of selected philosophers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; for example, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Locke. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

205. Eighteenth-Century Philosophy (4)
A study of major philosophical texts for the period, such as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Hume's Treatise of Human Nature. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

206. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy (4)
A selective study of major philosophical texts for the period, with emphasis on such figures as Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Mill, and others. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

207. Twentieth-Century European Philosophy (4)
A study of selected topics in twentieth-century European philosophy as reflected in the major writings of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and others.

208. Contemporary Analytical Philosophy (4)
A study of the historical development of the analytical movement, with emphasis on major texts. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

209A-B-C. Seminar in Science Studies (4-4-4)
A three-quarter sequence of readings and discussions, taught each quarter by a member of one of the departments (history, communication, sociology, philosophy) participating in the graduate science studies program. Required of all students in the program in their first year; those in later years are expected to audit this course, the content of which will change from year to year. IP grade to be awarded the first and second quarters; the final grade will not be given until the end of the third quarter.

211. Advanced Symbolic Logic (4)
Topics in mathematical logic and set theory, metatheory, nonstandard logics, and other contemporary developments in logical theory. Prerequisite: Philosophy 111 or equivalent.

212. Contemporary Topics in the Philosophy of Science (4)
This seminar will cover current books and theoretical issues in the philosophy of science. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: Philosophy 180 or equivalent or consent of instructor.

223. Ethics (4)
An examination of the nature of moral problems, judgments, and principles, with emphasis on recent developments in moral philosophy and classic formulations of ethical theories.

224. Social and Political Philosophy (4)
An analysis of social philosophies and ideologies in their relationship to basic types of social structure. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

235. Philosophy of Language (4)
(Same as Linguistics 286.) Examination of some current philosophical and scientific views on the nature, use and acquisition of natural languages. May be repeated for credit as course content may vary.

250. Aesthetics (4)
An exploration of problems in the philosophy of art, aesthetic experience, and aesthetic judgment within the context of a critical survey of some current aesthetic theories, and their illustrative application in various fields of art.

270. Contemporary Epistemology and Metaphysics (4)
A detailed examination of some fundamental issues in contemporary philosophy, especially those centering about the theories of meaning and reference.

274. Philosophy of Mind (4)
Contemporary work on the relation of mind and body, subjectivity, and the problem of other minds. May be repeated for credit with change of content.

285. Seminar on Special Topics (4)
A seminar for examination of specific philosophical problems (S/U grades permitted.)

290. Direct Independent Study (4)
Supervised study of individually selected philosophical topics. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. (S/U grades permitted.)

295. Research Topics (1-12)
Advanced, individual research studies under the direction of a member of the staff. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of graduate adviser. (S/U grades permitted.)

299. Thesis Research (1-12)
(S/U grades permitted.)