1. Minor Fields

   Ph.D. candidates are strongly encouraged to take at least one minor field examination by the end of fall quarter of their second year and to complete all examinations by the end of their third year. Generally, the department recognizes two types of minor fields. The most common minor field is a teaching field. That is, passing a minor field in an area certifies, on a student's record and resume, that the student has mastered the literature and the major issues in a field sufficient to qualify the student to teach in that area. (An example would be a minor field in modern Japanese history for an East Asian history student specializing in modern China; or medieval history for a Europeanist.) A second type of minor field is designed to familiarize a student with a range of theoretical and comparative issues which will be useful in the formulation of a dissertation topic and future research in the student's major field. (An example might be Latin American history for a student working in United States ethnic history; or sociology for a student in any field.) For a minor field taken outside the department, the minor field adviser (not the student or major field adviser) determines the level of expertise sufficient to warrant certification in that field.

   Reading lists are negotiated between students and their minor field adviser, but, as a guideline, they should include about 50 titles with 40–70 titles representing a reasonable range. The reading list is agreed upon, at least three months in advance, by the student and faculty member administering the minor field examination. The list is intended to establish what will be expected of the student and to prevent confusion over the material to be covered. Most minor fields include a written examination; these may be in the form of a three-hour departmental exam or a twenty-four hour take-home exam at the administering professor's discretion. (Minor field examinations in East Asian history will be oral; those in history of science may be either written or oral.) The professor composes and grades the written examination.

   Students who fail a minor field examination may petition the Graduate Committee for permission to sit for the examination again at any time during the following two quarters, as long as pre-candidacy time limits are not exceeded. A second failure results automatically in dismissal from the program.

2. Oral Qualifying Examination and Candidacy

   Students are normally expected to take their qualifying examination no later than the spring of their third year of study (except as otherwise specified by the individual fields), and are required to do so in four years. Students must fulfill all course work, minor field, and language requirements before taking their qualifying examination. The qualifying examination is an oral test in the student's major field of study, conducted by at least five examiners, three of whom must be members of the Department of History. Students are strongly encouraged to select one department examiner from outside their core field group. At least one examiner must be a tenured faculty member from a discipline outside the department. Students should consult with their adviser about the composition of the examining committee well before their examination. The examination committee also serves as the dissertation committee. The membership of the committee must be approved by the Department Chair and ultimately the Dean of graduate studies. The date of the examination is determined by consultation between the candidate and the examining committee. In addition to the major field book list, it is required that students also submit a dissertation prospectus to the committee before the oral examination. The examination, which will include a discussion of the student's prospectus, lasts approximately two to three hours.

   Should a candidate fail the examination, the examining committee will consult with the student to clarify weaknesses in preparation for taking the examination a second time. If a second oral examination is warranted, the department requires that it should be taken no later than one quarter after the first examination. If the candidate fails the oral examination a second time, his or her candidacy will be terminated.

   An M.A. degree may also be awarded to continuing Ph.D. students upon successfully passing the oral qualifying examination. The M.A. is not automatically awarded; students must apply in advance to receive the degree. Note: Students who wish to receive an M.A. degree as part of the Ph.D. program must apply for master's degree candidacy during the first two weeks of the quarter in which they expect to receive the degree. Please see the graduate coordinator regarding this application.

   The various requirements noted above apply to students who have done no previous graduate work in history. If a candidate has completed some graduate work before entering UCSD, there may be appropriate adjustments in course work, as approved by general petition to the Graduate Committee. Nevertheless, all candidates are required to meet language requirements, pass field examinations, as well as complete and defend a dissertation.

Dissertation

After completing all relevant examinations and language requirements, the student is expected to write a dissertation under the supervision of his or her faculty adviser and the doctoral committee. The Department of History has established the following guidelines for dissertation work. The dissertation should:

• represent an original and significant contribution to knowledge.
• be based upon primary research.
• clearly demonstrate the capacity of the student to pursue independent historical research.
• be written in clear and coherent prose.

Decisions concerning the scope of the dissertation and its length will depend upon the nature of the problem and the documentation. The department assumes that most students will have completed their research and writing by the end of their sixth year of study. The scope and length of the dissertation should therefore be such that a complete project can be executed in no more than three years. Whatever the scope or length of the dissertation it should be capable of further development for publication as a series of articles in scholarly journals, or as a book.

Departmental Ph.D. Time Limit Policies

Students must be advanced to candidacy by the end of four years. Total university support cannot exceed seven years. Total registered time at UCSD cannot exceed eight years.

Opportunities for Teaching

Undergraduate teaching, for which graduate teaching assistants earn regular academic credit, is an integral part of the graduate program at UCSD. To prepare for an academic career, the Ph.D. candidate is encouraged to assist in courses offered by the department ordinarily as a course reader (grader) or teaching assistant. A maximum of four units may be taken in undergraduate teaching. When such an opportunity is not available, a student may teach in various programs outside the department.

The department considers experience in teaching an important part of a graduate student's professional training. Based upon financial aid forms that graduate students complete during the previous winter quarter, the Graduate Committee assigns History Department teaching assistantships and recommends teaching assistantships outside of the department for the upcoming academic year.

Students must maintain a minimum grade-point average of 3.0 in order to receive academic employment on campus.

Financial Support

Upon recommendation of the department, several types of financial aid are available to graduate students: full or partial remission of fees and tuition, fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, readerships, and travel grants. Graduate students are eligible for one or a combination of the six forms of financial support.

Fellowships and research assistantships are granted by the Office of Graduate Studies and Research (OGSR) upon the recommendation of the department. Teaching assistants are appointed by the department upon the recommendation of the graduate committee and by the college writing programs. Readers are appointed by the department upon the recommendation of the professor whose course requires such assistance. At the discretion of the department, half-time graduate students are eligible for 25 percent TAships or GSRships.

For a small number of outstanding incoming students, the department will award a four year package of guaranteed funding which would include two years of a fellowship and two years of employment as a teaching assistant.

Departmental policy has been to seek seven years of support for students in the program. In recent years all students needing support have received either fellowships, or teaching assistant, research assistant positions. To the extent that resources are insufficient to meet the need, the department, on the advice of the graduate committee, will rank students using a combined criterion of academic performance and financial need.

Graduate students must maintain a minimum grade-point average of 3.0 to be considered for any type of financial aid. Financial support is not renewed automatically but is approved by the department on a yearly basis.

The Office of Graduate Studies and Research grants partial remission of fees for nine quarters after advancement to candidacy ("normative time") if the student is advanced to candidacy by the end of the third year. (If the student delays advancement, the amount of normative time is reduced accordingly.) Upon expiration of normative time the student must complete the dissertation or resume full payment of fees.

Job Placement

In recent years, 75 percent of the department's Ph.D. graduates received positions as tenure-track assistant professors at colleges and universities around the country. The remaining 25 percent are currently administrators, visiting scholars, lecturers, or postdoctoral fellows at various educational institutions. Experience indicates that many from this latter group will eventually get professional appointments.

Courses

Lower-Division

HILD 2A-B-C. United States
A year-long lower-division course that will provide students with a background in United States history from colonial times to the present, concentrating on social, economic, and political developments. (Satisfies Muir College humanities requirement and American History and Institutions requirement.)

HILD 7A-B-C. Race and Ethnicity in the United States
Lectures and discussions surveying the topics of race, slavery, demographic patterns, ethnic variety, rural and urban life in the U.S.A., with special focus on European, Asian, and Mexican immigration.

HILD 7A. Race and Ethnicity in the United States (4)
A lecture-discussion course on the comparative ethnic history of the United States. Of central concern will be slavery, race, oppression, mass migrations, ethnicity, city life in industrial America, and power and protest in modern America. Smallwood

HILD 7B. Race and Ethnicity in the United States (4)
A lecture-discussion course on the comparative ethnic history of the United States. Of central concern will be the Asian-American and white ethnic groups, race, oppression, mass migrations, ethnicity, city life in industrial America, and power and protest in modern America. Shah

HILD 7C. Race and Ethnicity in the United States (4)
A lecture-discussion course on the comparative ethnic history of the United States. Of central concern will be the Mexican-American, race, oppression, mass migrations, ethnicity, city life in industrial America, and power and protest in modern America. Gutiérrez

HILD 10-11-12. East Asia
A lower-division survey that compares and contrasts the development of China and Japan from ancient times to the present. Themes include the nature of traditional East Asian society and culture, East Asian responses to political and economic challenges posed by an industrialized West, and war, revolution and modernization in the twentieth century.

HILD 10. East Asia: The Great Tradition (4)
Examines the evolving characteristics of East Asian culture and civilization before 1600. Contrasts the rise of imperial Confucian governance in China to the development of feudal society in Japan. Pickowicz, Esherick.

HILD 11. East Asia and the West (4)
Compares Chinese and Japanese responses to Western imperialism after 1600, focusing on popular protest and dynastic decline in China and the rise of the modernizing nation state in Japan. Pickowicz, Esherick, Fujitani.

HILD 12. Twentieth-Century East Asia (4)
Deals with the rise of East Asia in the Pacific Century. This course stresses the emergence of a regionally dominant Japan before and after World War II and examines the process of revolution and state-building in China during the Nationalist and Communist eras. Pickowicz, Esherick.

HILD 13. Twentieth-Century Japan (4)
(Cross-listed with JAPN 13.) While Japan had operated on the margins of the Chinese world order up to the nineteenth century, by the twentieth century it embarked on a completely different course, symbolized by Fukuzawa Yukichi's famous essay "escaping Asia." This course will examine the moments of this non-Western country's attempts to become modern. Issues will be organized chronologically, but will cover economic, social, political, and cultural events. Tanaka

Upper-Division

Please note: The following upper-division courses are offered on a regular basis, although not every class is available every year. Check with the department to see what is available each quarter.

AFRICA

Lecture Courses

HIAF 110. History of Africa to 1880 (4)
A survey of pre-colonial Africa, concentrating on ancient Africa, Islam, state formation, the slave trade and abolition, and European penetration of the interior. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Reynolds. +

HIAF 111. Modern Africa Since 1880 (4)
A survey of African history dealing with the European scramble for territory, primary resistance movements, the rise of nationalism and the response of metropolitan powers, the transfer of power, self-rule and military coups, and the quest for identity and unity. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Reynolds

HIAF 120. History of South Africa (4)
The origins and the interaction between the peoples of South Africa. Special attention will be devoted to industrial development, urbanization, African and Afrikaner nationalism, and the origin and development of apartheid and its consequences. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Reynolds

HIAF 130. African Society and the Slave Trade (4)
Topics include trans-Saharan trade, slavery with African societies, Atlantic slave trade, East African slave trade, problems of numbers exported and profitability, impact of slave trade on African society, and the abolition of the slave trade. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Reynolds

HIAF 140. Economic History of Africa (4)
Lecture-discussion course on the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa from earliest times to the present. Topics will include: pre-European trade, the Atlantic slave trade, the era of legitimate trade, economic imperialism and the colonial economy, and post-independence economic development. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Reynolds +

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HIAF 160/260. Special Topics in the Economic History of Africa (4)
This course will examine selected topics in African economic history. Topics will include the precolonial economy, economics of colonialism, economics of underdevelopment, and postcolonial economic development. Requirements will vary for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students. Graduate students may be expected to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisites: completion of several upper-division history courses or consent of instructor. Department stamp required. Reynolds

HIAF 161/261. Special Topics in African History (4)
This colloquium is intended for students with sufficient background in African history. Topics, which vary from year to year, will include traditional political, economic, and religious systems, and theory and practice of indirect rule, decolonization, African socialism, and pan-Africanism. Department stamp required. Reynolds

HIAF 199. Independent Study in African History (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates. Prerequisite: consent of instructor and academic adviser required.

EAST ASIA

Lecture Courses

HIEA 111. Japan: Twelfth to Mid-Nineteenth Centuries (4)
Covers important political issues—such as the medieval decentralization of state power, unification in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tokugawa system of rule, and conflicts between rulers and ruled–while examining long-term changes in economy, society, and culture. Fujitani +

HIEA 112. Japan: From the Mid-Nineteenth Century through the U.S. Occupation (4)
Topics include the Meiji Restoration, nationalism, industrialization, imperialism, Taish™ Democracy, and the Occupation. Special attention will be given to the costs as well as benefits of "modernization" and the relations between dominant and subordinated cultures and groups within Japan. Fujitani

HIEA 113. The Fifteen-Year War in Asia and the Pacific (4)
Lecture-discussion course approaching the 1931-1945 war through various "local," rather than simply national, experiences. Perspectives examined include those of marginalized groups within Japan, Japanese Americans, Pacific Islanders, and other elites and nonelites in Asian and Pacific settings. Fujitani

HIEA 114. Postwar Japan (4)
Examines social, cultural, political, and economic transformations and continuities in Japan since World War II. Emphases will differ by instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Fujitani and Tanaka

HIEA 115. Social and Cultural History of Twentieth-Century Japan (4)
Japanese culture and society changed dramatically during the twentieth century. This course will focus on the transformation of cultural codes into what we know as "Japanese", the politics of culture, and the interaction between individuals and society. Tanaka

HIEA 116. Japan-U.S. Relations (4)
Survey of relations between Japan and the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although the focus will be on these nation-states, the course will be framed within the global transformation of societies. Topics include cultural frameworks, political and economic changes, colonialism and imperialism, and migration. Tanaka

HIEA 120. Classical Chinese Philosophy and Culture (4)
Course covers the period from the second millennium B.C. to second century A.D. This is a formative period in Chinese history, witnessing the flowering of philosophical schools–Confucianism, Taoism, and Realism. It was also during this period that the foundations of Chinese political and social structures were laid down. Staff +

HIEA 121. Medieval Chinese Culture and Society (4)
This course covers the period from the sixth century to thirteenth century, the time of the glorious T'ang and Sung dynasties. We focus on the "medieval revolution" that changed the political, economic, and social life of the empire. As much as possible we study these changes from the eyes of the people who lived through them–aristocrats, peasants, soldiers, merchants, women. Prerequisite: HIEA 120 recommended but not required. Staff +

HIEA 122. Late Imperial Chinese Culture and Society (4)
This course surveys Chinese culture and society from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth century. We will explore the experiences of a range of political actors—emperors, scholar-officials, merchants, peasants, and women from all classes. Prerequisites: HIEA 120 and EA 121 recommended but not required. Staff

HIEA 123. Food in Chinese History (4)
This course examines the production, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food in Chinese history to illuminate such themes as state agricultural policies, regional transportation and trade networks, dynamics of social interactions nd gendered divisions of labor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HIEA 124. Science in China and the West from Ancient Times to the Seventeenth Century (4)
(Same as HISC 110.) Joseph Needham asked why a scientific revolution occurred only in early modern Europe when, until that time, the Chinese had been more successful in applying knowledge of nature to society. Examination of Needham's famous "question" and beyond. Comparative representations of the heavens, earth, and body to the arrival of the Jesuits in China. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Westman and Hanson +

HIEA 130. History of the Modern Chinese Revolution: 1800–1911 (4)
This course stresses the major social, political, and intellectual problems of China in the period from the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911. Special emphasis is placed on the nature of traditional Chinese society and values, the impact of Western imperialism and popular rebellion on the traditional order, reform movements, and the origins of the early revolutionary movement. Pickowicz

HIEA 131. History of the Modern Chinese Revolution: 1911–1949 (4)
This course deals with the formative period of the twentieth-century Chinese revolution. Considerable stress is placed on the iconoclastic New Culture period, the rise of the student movement, Chinese communism, the labor movement, revolutionary nationalism, and the emergence of the peasant movement. Pickowicz

HIEA 132. History of the People's Republic of China (4)
This course analyzes the history of the PRC from 1949 to the present. Special emphasis is placed on the problem of postrevolutionary institutionalization, the role of ideology, the tension between city and countryside, Maoism, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution. Pickowicz

HIEA 133. Twentieth Century China: Cultural History (4)
This course looks at how the historical problems of twentieth- century China are treated in the popular and elite cultures of the nationalist and communist eras. Special emphasis is placed on film and fiction. Knowledge of Chinese required. Pickowicz

HIEA 137. Women and Family in Chinese History (4)
We explore how the Confucian philosophy influenced the way the Chinese look at the family and the role of women in it, as well as the domestic lives that men and women actually led from the classical times to the present day. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HIEA 160/260. Colloquium on Modern Japanese History (4)
This colloquium examines controversial domestic and international issues in Japanese history from 1850 to recent times. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp, consent of instructor. Staff

HIEA 161/261. Representing Japan (4)
Analyzes Anglo-American representations of Japan and "Japaneseness" from mid-nineteenth century to present. Primary focus on literary, visual, and theatrical works that have had a significant and direct impact upon popular (or public) culture and perceptions. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Fujitani

HIEA 162/262. History of Women in China (4)
This course concerns women in Chinese history in Imperial times. This course will focus on women's changing roles in the family, society, and culture. Topics will vary from year to year. Requirements will vary for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Hanson

HIEA 164/264. Seminar in Late Imperial Chinese History (4)
Special topics in late Imperial Chinese history. Topics will vary from year to year. Requirements will vary for M.A. and Ph.D. students. Graduate students may be expected to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Staff

HIEA 167/267. Special Topics in Modern Chinese History (4)
This seminar examines controversial, domestic, and international issues in Chinese history from 1800 to recent times. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Esherick

HIEA 168/268. Topics in Classical and Medieval Chinese History (4)
This course covers specific topics in Chinese society, thought, religion, culture, and history from the Zhon through the Song dynasties. It always involves reading primary sources. Prerequisites: upper-division standing or consent of instructor, department stamp. Cahill +

HIEA 170/270. Colloquium of Science, Technology, and Medicine in China (4)
In this course students will examine Chinese history through writings on nature, the heavens, and the human body. The focus will be on the traditional Chinese sciences: medicine, divination, astronomy, alchemy, and geomancy. Discussion will be based on primary Chinese sources in English translation including literary, religious, philosophical, governmental, and medical texts. Prerequisite: department stamp. Hanson

HIEA 199. Independent Study in East Asian History (4)
Directed reading for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor required. Staff

EUROPE

See History of Science for more European courses (HISC 101ABC, HISC 106)

Lecture Courses

HIEU 100. Early Greece (4)
The social, political, and cultural history of the ancient Greek world from the Bronze Age to the Persian Wars (2000–480 B.C.). Mosshammer +

HIEU 101. Greece in the Classical Age (4)
The social, political, and cultural history of the ancient Greek world from the Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great (480–323 B.C.). Mosshammer +

HIEU 102. The Roman Republic (4)
The political, economic, and intellectual history of the Roman world from the foundation of Rome to the time of Julius Caesar. Mosshammer +

HIEU 103. The Roman Empire (4)
The political, economic, and intellectual history of the Roman world from the time of Julius Caesar to the death of Justinian (A.D. 565). Mosshammer +

HIEU 105. The Early Christian Church (4)
A study of the origin and development of early Christian thought, literature, and institutions from the New Testament period to the Council of Chalcedon (451). Mosshamer +

HIEU 110. The Rise of Europe (4)
The development of European society and culture from the decline of the Roman Empire to 1050. Prerequisite: Humanities sequence or its equivalent. Caciola +

HIEU 111. Europe in the Middle Ages (4)
The development of European society and culture from 1050 to 1400. Prerequisite: Humanities sequence or its equivalent. Caciola +

HIEU 113. Rule, Conflict, and Dissent in the Middle Ages (4)
This course explores the question of religious and political dissent in Europe from the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. We will explore the tensions between ideal models of religious and cultural unity, and the realities of community conflict, heretical controversies, and popular uprisings. Caciola +

HIEU 114. Preindustrial Light and Magic (4)
This course examines the social history of ideas about the supernatural from the fifth through the fifeenth centuries. Emphasis upon the dynamic, reciprocal cultural influences of various communities and sub-cultures. Topics include the syncretism of Christianity with fold beliefs; the cult of the saints; visions of the afterlife. Caciola +

HIEU 115/VIS 121E. The Pursuit of the Millennium (4)
The year 2000 provokes questions about the transformation of time, culture, and society. Taking the year 1000 as a touchstone, this class examines the history of apocalyptic expectations in the Middle Ages through a close scrutiny of both texts and art. Caciola/Smith +

HIEU 120. Early Renaissance Italy: Dante to the Medici (1300–1494)
The economic and political transformation of late-medieval Italy from the heyday of mercantile expansion before the plague to the dissolution of the Italian state system with the French invasions of 1494. Special focus upon family, associational life and factionalism in the city, the development of the techniques of capitalist accumulation, and the spread of humanism. Prere-quisite: upper-division standing. Marino +

HIEU 122. Politics Italian Renaissance Style (4)
Modern political and historical thought find their roots in the realistic examination of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Italian political experience. Contemporary Renaissance humanists and thinkers—Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Castiglione, Botero, and Campanella—tested classical, Christian, and legal models against practical necessities. Marino +

HIEU 123. Renaissance Europe (4)
This course explores the age of the Renaissance from approximately the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth (1350-1550) as a period of great change and diversity, a dynamic moment of discovery, exploration, and expansion, not only in geography but also in politics, economics, religion, art, and science. Marino +

HIEU 124/VIS 122E. The City in Italy (4)
Each of the great Italian cities has a style and heritage all its own. This course considers the social, political, economic, and religious aspects of civic life which gave rise to the unique characteristics of such cities as Florence, Siena, Venice, or Rome. Emphasis will be placed on the function and content of civic art, the architecture of public buildings, and the design of the urban environment. The specific content of the course, the city or cities and periods under consideration, will vary. Marino +

HIEU 125. Reformation Europe (4)
The intellectual and social history of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation from the French invasions to the Edict of Nantes. Emphasis is upon reform from below and above, the transformation of grass-roots spirituality into institutional control. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Marino +

HIEU 126. Age of Expansion: Europe and the World, 1400–1600 (4)
Course will begin with a survey of the major empires of the fifteenth century, concentrating on the links between them. It will then examine the entrance of Europeans on the global scene in the sixteenth century. This part of the course will examine European/non-European encounters, focusing on perceptions, economic interaction, and institutional adaptation and will emphasize the Hispanic American, Ottoman, and Indian Ocean cases. Ringrose and Marino +

HIEU 128. Europe Since 1945
An analysis of European history since the end of the Second World War. Focus is on political, social, economic, and cultural developments within European societies as well as on Europe's relationship with the wider world (the Cold War, decolonization). Biess

HIEU 129. Paris, Past and Present (4)
This course surveys the historical and cultural significance of Paris from about 1500 to the present. The focus is on interactions between political, architectural, and urban evolutions, and the changing populations of Paris in times of war, revolutions, and peace. Truant +

HIEU 130. Europe in the Eighteenth Century (4)
A lecture-discussion course focusing on Europe from 1688-1789. Emphasis is on the social, cultural, and intellectual history of France, Germany, and England. Topics considered will include family life, urban and rural production and unrest, the poor, absolutism, and the Enlightenment from Voltaire to Rousseau. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Truant +

HIEU 131. The French Revolution: 1789–1814 (4)
This course examines the Revolution in France and its impact in Europe and the Caribbean. Special emphasis will be given to the origins of the Revolution, the development of political and popular radicalism and symbolism from 1789 to 1794, the role of political participants (e.g., women, sans-culottes, Robespierre), and the legacy of revolutionary wars and the Napeoleonic system on Europe. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Truant +

HIEU 132. German Politics and Culture: 1648–1848 (4)
A lecture-discussion course on the political and cultural history of Germany in the early modern period. Luft +

HIEU 134. The Formation of the Russian Empire, 800–1855 (4)
State-building and imperial expansion among the peoples of the East Slavic lands of Europe and Asia from the origins of the Russian state in ninth-century Kiev, through Peter the Great's empire up to the middle of the nineteenth century. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Edelman +

HIEU 135. European Economy and Society: 1000–1750
Underlying structures of rural economy and society, geography, population, resources, technology. Evolution of commercial cities, unification of the European market systems, mercantilism, emergence of bureaucracies. Economic and social background of the industrial revolution. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Ringrose +

HIEU 136A. European Society and Social Thought, 1688–1870 (4)
A lecture and discussion course on European political and cultural development and social theory from 1688-1870. Important writings will be considered both as responses to and as provocations for political and cultural change. Truant +

HIEU 136B. European Society and Social Thought, 1870–1989 (4)
A lecture and discussion course on European political and cultural development and theory from 1870-1989. Important writings will be considered both as responses to and as provocations for political and cultural change. J. M. Hughes

HIEU 138. Imperial Spain, 1476–1808 (4)
The rise and decline of Spain's European empire from Ferdinand and Isabella to 1700. The revival of Spain and her return to European affairs in the eighteenth century. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or graduate standing. Ringrose +

HIEU 141. European Diplomatic History, 1870–1945 (4)
European imperialism, alliances, and the outbreak of the First World War. The postwar settlement and its breakdown. The advent of Hitler and the disarray of the western democracies. The Second World War and the emergence of the super powers. J.M. Hughes

HIEU 142. European Intellectual History, 1780–1870 (4)
European thought from the late Enlightenment and the French Revolution to Marx and Baudelaire, emphasizing the origins of romanticism, idealism, and positivism in England, Germany, and France. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Luft

HIEU 143. European Intellectual History, 1870–1945 (4)
A lecture-discussion course on the crisis of bourgeois culture, the redefinition of Marxist ideology, and the transformation of modern social theory. Readings will include Nietzsche, Sorel, Weber, Freud, and Musil. (This course satisfies the minor in the Humanities Program.) Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Luft

HIEU 146. Fascism, Communism, and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy: Europe 1919–1945 (4)
A consideration of the political, social, and cultural crisis that faced Western liberal democracies in the interwar period, with emphasis on the mass movements that opposed bourgeois liberalism from both the left and the right. Radcliff

HIEU 147. The History of Women in Europe: Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era (4)
This course explores shifts in the roles and representations of women from the early middle ages, through the Renaissance and Reformation, and up to the seventeenth century. Topics will be examined across the European social order and include gender and sexuality, holy women, religious movements, and production and reproduction. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Truant +

HIEU 148. European Women: the Enlightenment to the Victorian Era (4)
This course explores shifts in the roles and representations of women from the late seventeenth century to about 1870. Topics are examined across the European social order and include: gender and sexuality, women writers and print culture, women's participation in the French and industrial revolutions, and the emergence of feminist movements. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Truant +

HIEU 149. History of Women in Europe: 1870 to the Present (4)
This course explores the history of women across classes from 1870 to the present, with an emphasis on the variety of women's experience and the efforts towards and obstacles to empowerment. Topics include: women and the state, science and gender, feminist movements and the evolution of women's work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Radcliff

HIEU 150. Modern British History (4)
Emphasis on changes in social structure and corresponding shifts in political power. The expansion and the end of empire. Two World Wars and the erosion of economic leadership. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. J.M. Hughes

HIEU 151. Spain since 1808 (4)
Social, political, cultural history of Spain since Napoleon. Features second Spanish Republic, the Civil War, Franco era, and transition to democracy. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Ringrose

HIEU 153A. Nineteenth-Century France (4)
A study of the social, intellectual, and political currents in French history from the Revolution of 1789 to the eve of the First World War. Lectures, slides, films, readings, and discussions. Staff

HIEU 153B. Twentieth-Century France (4)
A study of the social, intellectual, and political currents in French history from the First World War to the present. Lectures, slides, films, readings, and discussions. Staff

HIEU 154. Modem German History: From Bismarck to Hitler (4)
An analysis of the volatile course of German history from unification to the collapse of the Nazi dictatorship. Focus is on domestic developments inside Germany as well as on their impact on European and global politics in the twentieth century. Biess

HIEU 155. Modern Austria (4)
The political, social, and intellectual history of Austria from Maria Theresa to the First Republic with special emphasis on the crisis of liberal culture in the late nineteenth century. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Luft

HIEU 156. The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, 1855–1991 (4)
War, revolution, development, and terror in the multi-national empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Edelman

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HIEU 160/260. Topics in the History of Greece (4)
A seminar focusing on selected topics in Greek history from the Bronze Age to the Roman Conquest. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Mosshammer

HIEU 161/261. Topics in Roman History (4)
A seminar focusing on selected topics in Roman history and culture from the period of the Kings to the later Roman Empire. Prerequisite: upper-division or graduate standing or consent of instructor. Mosshammer +

HIEU 163/263. Special Topics in Medieval History (4)
Intensive study of special problems or periods in the history of medieval Europe. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Prerequisites: background in European history and upper-division standing. Caciola +

HIEU 165/265. Special Topics in Early Modern Spain (4)
Readings and discussion of recent studies on Spain in the early modern period: the Hapsburg Empire to 1700, social and economic conditions of Spain in the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, and the breakup of the Old Regime after 1790. Prerequisite: background in European history. Ringrose +

HIEU 167/267. Special Topics in the Social History of Early Modern Europe (4)
Topic varies from year to year. May be repeated for
credit. Prerequisite: upper-division or graduate standing. Truant +

HIEU 169/269. The History of Books from Ancient Greece to the Early Seventeenth Century (4)
The handwritten and the printed text as both material and intellectual object. The effects of print and engraving on layout, new possibilities for visual illustration, the standardization of languages, biblical translation, the transmission of science and philosophy, the question of orality verses literacy, and the transformation of the author, reader, producer, and collector. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Giard +

HIEU 171/271. Special Topics in Twentieth-Century Europe (4)
This course alternates with HIEU 170. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: background in European history. Staff

HIEU 172/272. War in the Twentieth Century (4)
Reckonings by novelists, essayists, and biographers with the phenomenon of contemporary warfare as an unprecedented experience and an abiding threat. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. J.M. Hughes

HIEU 175/275. Selected Topics in the History of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Spain (4)
Topics may include economic development, modernization, political change, intellectual history, and the transition to democracy. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Ringrose

HIEU 177/277. Special Topics in Modern German Thought (4)
Topics will vary from year to year. (Satisfies the Humanities Program minor.) Prerequisite: background in European history. Luft

HIEU 177A/277A. The Two Germanys Since 1945
An analysis of the parallel and divergent paths of East and West Germany since 1945. Focus is on the close interrelationship between both postwar societies as well as on the origins of the East German revolution and unification in 1989–90. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Biess

HIEU 178/278. Topics in Russian History and Popular Culture (4)
Topics will vary from year to year. Graduate students are required to submit a more substantial paper. Prere-quisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Edelma

HIEU 180/280. Topics in European Women's History (4)
The specific content of the course will vary from year to year, but will always analyze in depth a limited number of issues in European women's history. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Radcliff, Truant

HIEU 199. Independent Study in European History (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Lecture Courses

HISC 100. The Discovery of Deep Time (4)
The discovery of the vast scale of the past history of the natural world, and the consequent dwarfing of human history, from the chronologies of the seventeenth century, through the emergence of the science of geology, to the planetary histories of the twentieth century. Staff

HISC 101A. Science in the Greek and Roman World (4)
A survey of the principal features of ancient science: the origins of Greek naturalism, the criticism of magic, notions of quantification. Topics may include astronomy, astrology, geography, geometry, optics, mechanics and physical theory, classification of living beings, and human cognition. Emphasis on primary sources, such as the presocratic natural philosophers: Plato, Artistotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Pliny Galen, and Proclus. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Westman and Giard +

HISC 101B. Medieval Science in the Latin West, ca. 500–1500 (4)
Styles of the medieval scientific imagination. Reception and assimilation of the learning of the ancient world, especially Aristotle, Plato, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy. Struggles to reconcile Greek, Arabic, and Christian ideals of knowledge. Rise of universities. Natural philosophy, logic, geometry, optics, astronomy, astrology, mechanics, geography, and classification of living beings. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Westman and Giard +

HISC 101C. Early Modern Science (4)
Early forms of modern science, mid-15th to 17th centuries. The revolution in printing. Sites of knowledge-making: university and court cultures, museums, academies. Astrology, astronomy, literature of the heavens, prophecy and apocalyptic expectation. Natural history, medicine, alchemy, magic and the physico-mathematical sciences. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Westman and Giard +

HISC 102. The Physical Sciences in the Twentieth Century (4)
Major conceptual changes in physical science, and their historical contexts. Quantum and relativity theories, atomic and nuclear physics Ôinvades' new territories: the rise of astrophysics, geophysics and chemical physics. The changing nature of the physical science enterprise. Prerequisite: at least one year of science courses. Staff

HISC 103. Gender and Science in Historial Perspective (4)
This course will examine the history of women's struggles and strategies for access and equality in professional science. Questions related to gender bias in science—as a social institution and as an epistemological enterprise—will be addressed in light of the historical and biographical readings. Staff

HISC 104. History of Popular Science (4)
Historical aspects of the popularization of science. The changing relation between expert science and popular understanding. The reciprocal impact of scientific discoveries and theories, and popular conceptions of the natural world. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HISC 105. History of Environmentalism (4)
History of human effects on the natural environment, and with environmentalist interpretations of the history of science. Staff

HISC 106. The Scientific Revolution (4)
A cultural history of the formation of early modern science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the social forms of scientific life; the construction and meaning of the new cosmologies from Copernicus to Newton; the science of politics and the politics of science; the origins of experimental practice; how Sir Isaac Newton restored law and order to the West. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Westman +

HISC 107. The Emergence of Modern Science
The development of the modern conception of the sciences, and of the modern social and institutional structure of scientific activity, chiefly in Europe, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HISC 108. Science and Technology in the Twentieth Century (4)
The origins and development of the modern scientific-technological enterprise, with science in industry, government, and war. Cultural, social, and economic implications of major scientific advances. The changing social role of the scientist. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Oreskes

HISC 109. History of Evolutionary Theories (4)
History of theories to account for the diversity of organisms. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and its modern versions. Implications of evolutionary theories for understanding human beings in relation to the rest of the natural world. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HISC 110. Science in China and the West from Ancient Times to the Seventeenth Century (4)
Joseph Needham asked why a scientific revolution occurred only in early modern Europe when, until that time, the Chinese had been more successful in applying knowledge of nature to society. Examination of Needham's famous "question" and beyond. Comparative representations of the heavens, earth, and body to the arrival of the Jesuits in China. Westman and Hanson +

HISC 111. Origins of the Atomic Age (4)
The atomic bomb changed the world. We examine the origins and impact of the atomic age: the discovery of radioactivity; the Manhattan project and bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the H-bomb, nuclear fallout, and the modern environmental movement. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Oreskes

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HISC 160/260. Historical Approaches to the Study of Science (4)
Major recent publications in the history of science will be discussed and analyzed; the topics will range in period from the seventeenth century to the twentieth, and will deal with all major branches of natural science. Special topics. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

HISC 162/262. Problems in the History of Science and Religion (4)
Intensive study of specific problems in the relation between science and religion. The problems may range in period from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HISC 163/263. Topics in the History of the Life and Earth Sciences (4)
Intensive study of specific problems in the life sciences and earth sciences, ranging in period from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Staff

HISC 164/264. Topics in the History of the Physical Sciences
Intensive study of specific problems in the physical (including chemical and mathematical) sciences, ranging in period from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. R.M. Friedman

HISC 165/265. Topics in 20th Century Science and Culture
This is a seminar open to advanced undergraduates and graduate students, which explores topics at the interface of science, technology, and culture, from the late nineteenth century to the present. Topics change yearly; may be repeated for credit with instructor's permission. Requirements vary for undergraduates, M.A. and Ph.D. students. Graduate students are required to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Oreskes

HISC 167/267. Topics in History of Medicine (4)
Intensive study of specific problems in the history of medicine. Topics will vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Prerequisite: department stamp required. Staff

HISC 199. Independent Study in the History of Science (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

LATIN AMERICA

Lecture Courses

HILA 100. Latin America–Colonial Transformations (4)
Lecture-discussion survey of Latin America from the pre-Columbian era to 1825. It addresses such issues as the nature of indigenous cultures, the implanting of colonial institutions, native resistance and adaptations, late colonial growth and the onset of independence. Van Young +

HILA 101. Latin America: The Construction of Independence 1810–1898 (4)
Lecture-discussion survey of Latin America in the nineteenth century. It addresses such issues as the collapse of colonial practices in the society and economy as well as the creation of national governments, political instability, disparities among regions within particular countries, and of economies oriented toward the export of goods to Europe and the United States. Van Young

HILA 102. Latin America in the Twentieth Century (4)
This course surveys the history of the region by focusing on two interrelated phenomena: the absence of democracy in most nations and the region's economic dependence on more advanced countries, especially the United States. Among the topics discussed will be the Mexican Revolution, the military in politics, labor movements, the wars in Central America, liberation theology, and the current debt crisis. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Monteón

HILA 103. Revolution in Modern Latin America
A political, economic, and social examination of the causes and consequences of the Mexican, Cuban, and Nicaraguan revolutions. Also examine guerrilla movements that failed to gain power in their respective countries, namely the Shinning Path in Peru, FARC in Colombia, and the Zapatistas in Mexico. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HILA 104. Modern U.S.-Latin American Relations
A survey of inter-American relations during the twentieth century. Emphasis will be placed on U.S. territorial and economic expansion, U.S. national-security and ideological morality, and Latin American efforts to influence U.S. policy in order to strengthen, in most cases, elite domination of society. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HILA 107. State and Society in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Latin America (4)
This course seeks to outline the main trends of thought concerning state theory and to evaluate how and when such trends have either been applied or originated in Latin American history. Special consideration will be given to the ways in which peasants and Indians participated in the molding of modern states in Latin America and created their "own" ways of political participation. The final issue we want to address is the question about the "political projects" that can be identified through a reading of nineteenth- and twentieth-century history. Hünefeldt

HILA 112. Economic and Social History of the Andean Region (4)
Study of the economic and social problems of the Andean region from the colonial period until the crisis of 1912, with special attention to theoretical models to explain the processes of change. Staff

HILA 113. Lord and Peasant in Latin America (4)
Examination of the historical roots of population problems, social conflict, and revolution in Latin America, with emphasis on man/land relationships. Special emphasis on modern reform efforts and on Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. Lecture, discussion, reading, and films. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Van Young

HILA 114. Social History of Colonial Latin America (4)
The course will examine the evolution of multiracial societies in Brazil and Spanish America, with some attention to the Anglo-American colonies by way of comparison. Particular emphasis on the relationship
of race to class and on topics such as race mixture, agrarian structures, slavery, urban life, and crime and social protest. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Van Young +

HILA 115. The Latin American City, a History (4)
A survey of the development of urban forms of Latin America and of the role that cities played in the region as administrative and economic centers. After a brief survey of pre-Columbian centers, the lectures will trace the development of cities as outposts of the Iberian empires and as "city-states" that formed the nuclei of new nations after 1810. The course concentrates primarily on the cities of South America, but some references will be made to Mexico City. It ends with a discussion of modern social ills and Third World urbanization. Lima, Santiago de Chile, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo are its principal examples. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Monteón

HILA 116. Encounter of Two Worlds: Early Colonial Latin America (4)
A lecture course concentrating on the first century or so of the colonial period, from Columbus to about 1600. Topics will include changing European cosmography, the New World indigenous civilizations, mutual perceptions of the two cultural traditions during the conquest and early colonial eras, and evolving colonial society, all with an emphasis on cultural history. Van Young +

HILA 117. Indians, Blacks, and Whites: Family Relations in Latin America (4)
The development of family structures and relations among different ethnic groups. State and economy define and are defined by family relations. Thus this family approach also provides an understanding of broader socio-economic processes and cultural issues. Hünefeldt

HILA 120. History of Argentina (4)
A survey from the colonial period to the present, with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among the topics covered: the expansion of the frontier, the creation of a cosmopolitan, predominately European culture, and the failure of industrialization to provide an economic basis for democracy. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Monteón

HILA 121. History of Brazil (4)
From colonial times to the present, with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among the topics covered: the evolution of a slave-based economy, the key differences among regions, the military in politics, and the creation of the most populous and industrialized country in Latin America. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Monteón

HILA 122. Cuba: From Colony to Socialist Republic
A lecture-discussion course on the historical roots of revolutionary Cuba, with special emphasis on the impact of the United States on the island's development and society. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Borges

HILA 123. The Incas and Their Ancestors (4)
The Incas called their realm Tahuantinsuyu (Land of the Four Quarters). But the Incas were only one of the many ethnic groups in the Andean region. Many different other groups became a part of the Tahuantinsuyu in the wake of Inca expansion. Over the past decade new and fascinating information on these processes have been published, and allows for a re-reading of Inca history between 900 and 1535. Hünefeldt +

HILA 131. A History of Mexico (4)
A century of Mexican history, 1821-1924: the quest for political unity and economic solvency, the forging of a nationality, the Gilded Age and aftermath, the ambivalent Revolution of Zapata and his enemies. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. +

HILA 132. A History of Contemporary Mexico (4)
The paradox of a conservative state as heir to a legendary social upheaval, with special emphasis on the mural art renaissance, the school crusade, the economic dilemma, and the failure to eradicate poverty and inequality. Lectures and discussion. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor.

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HILA 160/260. Topics in Latin American Colonial History, 1500–1820 (4)
Topics will deal with the social, economic, and political history of the Spanish and Portuguese experience in the new world and the presence of the black and the indian. Prerequisites: department stamp required and background in Latin American history. Van Young +

HILA 161/261. History of Women in Latin America (4)
A broad historical overview of Hispanic-American women's history focusing on issues of gender, sexuality, and the family as they relate to women, as well as the historiographical issues in Latin American and Chicana women's history. Prerequisites: upper-division standing and consent of instructor. Staff

HILA 162/262. Special Topics in Latin American History (4)
Topics will vary from year to year or quarter to quarter. May be repeated for an infinite number of times due to the nature of the content of the course always changing. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Hünefeldt

HILA 166/266. Cuba: From Colony to Socialist Republic (4)
A colloquium on the historical roots of revolutionary Cuba, with special emphasis on the impact of the United States on the island's development and society. Staff

HILA 170/270. Topics in Latin American History, 1820–1910
Topics may vary from year to year. May be repeated for credit. Requirements will vary for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students. Graduate students must be required to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division or graduate standing. Hünefeldt

HILA 171/271. Topics in Latin American History 1910
Topics may vary from year to year. May be repeated for credit. Requirements will vary for undergraduates, M.A., and Ph.D. students. Graduate students must be required to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division or graduate standing. Monteón

HILA 199. Independent Study in Latin American History (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor and department stamp. Staff

NEAR EAST

Lecture Courses

HINE 100. The Ancient Near East and Israel (4)
Introduction to the history and literature of ancient Israel, from c.1200 B.C.E. to c. 500 B.C.E. Reading from the Bible, historical and archaeological surveys, and studies of authorship. Professors D.N. Freedman (Hist), W.H. Propp (Hist), R.E. Friedman (Lit) +

HINE 102. The Jews in Their Homeland in Antiquity (4)
The Jews in Israel from the sixth century B.C.E. to the seventh century C.E. Statehood, nationalism, and autonomy within the framework of the Persian empire, the Hellenistic kingdoms, and the Roman-Byzantine empire. Cultural and religious developments. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Goodblatt +

HINE 103. The Jewish Diaspora in Antiquity (4)
The Jews outside their homeland in pre-Islamic times, concentrating on the Greco-Roman West and the Parthian-Sasanian East. Topics include assimilation and survival; antisemitism and missionizing; patterns of organization and autonomy; cultural and religious developments. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Goodblatt +

HINE 104. The Bible and the Near East: The Primary History (4)
This course covers the first nine books of the Hebrew Bible, including the Torah and Former Prophets. D.N. Freedman +

HINE 105. The Bible and the Near East: The Prophets (4)
This course covers the four books of the Latter Prophets, including the three major prophets, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Jeremiah, and the twelve minor prophets. D.N. Freedman +

HINE 106. The Bible and the Near East: The Writings (4)
This course covers the books of the Hebrew Bible not covered in HINE 104 and HINE 105. It will include Psalms, Proverbs, Job, the Megillot, Daniel, and the Chronicler's Work. D.N. Freedman +

HINE 108. The Middle East before Islam (4)
The peoples, politics, and cultures of Southwest Asia and Egypt from the sixth century B.C.E. to the seventh century C.E. The Achemenid Empire, the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms, the Roman Orient, the Parthian and Sasanian states. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Goodblatt +

HINE 109. Learning to Read Biblical Hebrew
Inculcation of the linguistic and grammatical knowledge needed to understand the Hebrew Bible in its original tongue. Emphasis is placed on acquiring a basic vocabulary, mastering fundamentals of grammar, and practice at reading. No previous knowledge of Hebrew is required. Freedman +

HINE 114. History of the Islamic Middle East
A survey of the Middle East from the rise of Islam to the region's economic, political, and cultural integration into the West (mid-nineteenth century). Emphasis on socioeconomic and political change in the early Arab empires and the Ottoman state. Kayali +

HINE 116. The Middle East in the Age of European Empires (1798–1914) (4)
Examines the contacts of the late Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran with Europe from the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt to World War I, the diverse facets of the relationship with the West, and the reshaping of the institutions of the Islamic states and societies. Kayali

HINE 118. The Middle East in the Twentieth Century (4)
An introduction to the history of the Middle East since 1914. Themes such as nationalism, imperialism, the oil revolution, and religious revivalism will be treated within a broad chronological and comparative framework drawing on the experience of selected countries. Kayali

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HINE 160/260. Special Topics in the Bible and Ancient Near East (4)
The study of a single book, period, or issue in the Bible, in the context of the ancient Near Eastern world. Prerequisite: department stamp required or consent of instructor. D.N. Freedman +

HINE 166/266. Nationalism in the Middle East (4)
Growth of nationalism in relation to imperialism, religion, and revolution in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Middle East. Emergence of cultural and political ethnic consciousness in the Ottoman state. Compa-rative study of Arab, Iranian, and Turkish nationalism as well as Zionism. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Kayali

HINE 170/270. Special Topics in Jewish History (4)
This course studies a period or theme in Jewish history. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp required. Goodblatt

HINE 171A/271A. Introduction to Aramaic Language (4)
General introduction to Aramaic dialects, intense study of Targumic Aramaic. Prerequisites: knowledge of Hebrew alphabet; acquaintance with a cognate Semitic language highly desirable. Propp +

HINE 171B/271B. Introduction to Aramaic Dialects (4)
Study of Ancient Inscriptional, Persian, Imperial, and Syriac Aramaic. Prerequisite: HINE 171A/271A. Propp +

HINE 171C/271C. Continued Study of Aramaic Dialects (4)
Study of Qumran and Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic. Prerequisite: HINE171B/271B. Propp +

HINE 172A/272A. The Evolution of the Northwest Semitic Dialects (4)
Principles of historical linguistics, application to the languages of the ancient Levant. Prerequisites: knowledge of at least one Semitic language; a course in general linguistics also desirable. Propp +

HINE 172B/272B. Introduction to Ugaritic (4)
Decipherment of Ugaritic tablets, history and culture of ancient Ugarit, study of Ugaritic mythic texts. Prerequisite: HINE172A/272A. Propp +

HINE 172C/272C. Advanced Ugaritic (4)
Continued study of Ugaritic literature, comparison with Canaanite inscriptions. Prerequisite: HINE 172B/272B. Propp +

HINE 173A/273A. Introduction to Akkadian Language and Mesopotamian Culture (4)
Students study cuneiform script and elements of Babylonian-Assyrian grammar, as well as the history of ancient Mesopotamia. Propp +

HINE 173B/273B. Continued Akkadian Language (4)
Students begin to read and analyze ancient Mesopo-tamian texts from a variety of genres. Prerequisite: HINE 173A/273A. Propp +

HINE 173C/273C. Advanced Akkadian Language (4)
Continued study of Mesopotamian literature and history. Prerequisite: HINE 173B/273B. Propp +

HINE 181/281. Problems in the Study of Hebrew Manuscripts (4)
Detailed study of a portion of biblical text. Focus on text-critical and source-critical problems. Prerequisite: upper-division or graduate standing. Propp +

HINE 186/286. Special Topics in Middle Eastern History (4)
Focused study of historical roots of contemporary problems in the Middle East: Islamic modernism and Islamist movements; contacts with the West; ethnic and religious minorities; role of the military; economic resources and development. Department stamp and permission of instructor. Kayali

HINE 199. Independent Study in Near Eastern History (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

HISTORY OF RELIGION

HIRE 115. Women in Chinese Religions (4)
This course covers east Asian religions and traditions including: Daoism, Buddhism, Confusianism, and Falk religions. Topics will vary each quarter. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Cahill +

HIRE 120. Buddhist Thought and Practice (4)
An introduction to the Buddhist religion, with attention to its moral and philosophical teachings, its modes of practice (e.g. meditation, ritual), and its social and institutional contexts. The course takes a historical approach, concentrating on the traditions as they developed within India. Cohen

UNITED STATES

See History of Science for more U.S. courses (HISC 105, HISC 108, HISC 111)

Lecture Courses

HIUS 100. Colonial Period to 1763 (4)
Political and social history of the thirteen colonies: European background, settlement and expansion, beginnings of culture, and the imperial context. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HIUS 101. The American Revolution (4)
Causes and consequences of the revolution: intellectual and social change, the problems of the new nation, the Constitution, and the origins of political parties. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HIUS 102. The Age of Encounters, 1492–1630 (4)
Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans in North America from Columbus' first voyage to early English colonization. Emphasis on cultural, political, and ecological consequences of contact. Topics include the Spanish Conquest, the origins of the African slave trade, Iroquois-French commerce, and the early history of California. Staff +

HIUS 105. Thomas Jefferson and Early American History (4)
This course will study Thomas Jefferson, both as an influential American in his own right and as a window onto the age of the American Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the early American Republic. Students will read both biographical materials and original documents to address various aspects of Jefferson's life and times. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HIUS 107. The Early Republic (4)
This course will examine the transformation of American society and politics between the American Revolution and the Jacksonian period. Topics to be considered include the emergence of domesticity, the development of political parties, the expansion of capitalist relations, the debate over slavery, the early labor movement, and the origins and motivations of middle-class reform. Meranze +

HIUS 108/ETHN 112. History of Native Americans in the United States
This course examines the history of Native Americans in the United States, with emphasis on the lifeways, mores, warfare, and relations with the United States government. Attention is given to the background and evolution of acculturation up to the present day. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Frank

HIUS 110. The Rise and Fall of the Old South (4)
This course examines the history of the American South from first settlement to the Civil War. Special attention will be devoted to the emergence of slavery and the plantation system, the role of the South in the Revolution and Constitution, the relations between planters and yeomen, the development of slave communities, and the growing sectional conflict. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Staff

HIUS 111. The Making of the New South (4)
This course will focus on the American South between the Civil War and the civil rights movement. Topics include emancipation and Reconstruction, the new plantation system, agrarian radicalism, segregation and disfranchisement, the onset of industrialization, Southern culture black and white, and the recent struggles for civil and political rights. Staff

HIUS 112. The Era of Civil War and Reconstruction (4)
This course is chiefly a social and political history of the United States between 1848 and 1877. It explores the developing sectional conflict, disunion and civil war, and the process of reconstructing the nation; and it places the American experience in an international and comparative context. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Staff

HIUS 114. California History (4)
This course examines California history from 1800 onward, with an emphasis on social, economic, and political change. The course will explore the effect of national and international events as well as the ways in which California–the ideal and the real–shapes the American experience. Staff

HIUS 115. History of Sexuality in the United States
Constructions of sex and sexuality in the United States from the time of pre-contact Native America to the present, focusing on sexual behaviors, sexual ideologies, and the uses of sexuality for social control. Staff

HIUS 116. War and American Society (4)
The connection between social relations and America's wars. Ways that American society has influenced decisions to prepare for or go to war as well as the impact of war on class relations and ideologies of race and gender. Wars considered will include the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, the two World Wars, and Korea and Vietnam. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HIUS 117. History of Los Angeles (4)
This course examines the history of Los Angeles from the early nineteenth century to the present. Particular issues to be addressed include urbanization, ethnicity, politics, technological change, and cultural diversification. Staff

HIUS 120. American Politics and Society, 1900–1942 (4)
A lecture-discussion course on American politics and society from the era of Theodore Roosevelt to Pearl Harbor. Among the topics covered: the progressive movement, the impact of the Great War, the economic boom and collapse of the 1920s, and the New Deal. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Parrish

HIUS 121. American Politics and Society, 1942–Present (4)
A lecture-discussion course on American politics and society, Pearl Harbor to the present. Among the topics covered: the origins of the cold war, the Red scare, the civil rights movement, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the neoconservatism of the Nixon-Reagan era. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Parrish

HIUS 124/ETHN 125. Asian American History
Explore how Asian Americans were involved in the political, economic, and cultural formation of United States society. Topics include migration; labor systems; gender, sexuality and social organization; racial ideologies and anti-Asian movements; and nationalism and debates over citizenship. Shah

HIUS 125. Six Weeks Before the Mast: The Experience of Seafaring in American History
America's encounter with its ocean frontier from colonial times to the present. Discovery, technology, piracy, fisheries, peacetime commerce, naval conflict, seaboard life, and seaport society will all be investigated through the medium of lectures, discussion, and film. Vickers

HIUS 130. Cultural History from 1607 to the Civil War (4)
This course will explore connections between American culture and the transformation of class relations, gender ideology, and political thought. Topics will include the transformation of religious perspectives and practices, republican art and architecture, artisan and working-class culture, the changing place of art and artists in American society, antebellum reform movements, antislavery and proslavery thought. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Klein +

HIUS 131. Cultural History from the Civl War to the Present (4)
This course will focus on the transformation of work and leisure and the development of consumer culture. Students will consider connections between culture, class relations, gender ideology, and politics. Topics will include labor radicalism, Taylorism, the development of organized sports, the rise of department stores, the transformation of middle-class sexual morality, the growth of commercial entertainment, and the culture of the cold war. Klein

HIUS 134. Art and Society in America
The evolution and interaction of American art and society from the colonial period to the early twentieth century. Staff

HIUS 135A/ETHN 170A. Origins of the Atlantic World, c. 1450–1650 (4)
An examination of interactions among the peoples of western Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed the Atlantic basin into an interconnected "Atlantic World." Topics will include maritime technology and the European Age of Discovery, colonization in the Americas, the beginnings of the transatlantic slave trade and the early development of plantation slavery in the New World. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Smallwood +

HIUS 135B/ETHN 170B. Slavery and the Atlantic World (4)
The development of the Atlantic slave trade and the spread of racial slavery in the Americas before 1800. Explores the diversity of slave labor in the Americas and the different slave cultures African Americans produced under the constraints of slavery. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Smallwood +

HIUS 137. The Built Environment in the Twentieth Century
An examination of urban and regional planning as well as piecemeal change in the built environment. Topics include urban and suburban housing, work environments, public spaces, transportation and utility infrastructures, utopianism. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

HIUS 140/Econ 158A. Economic History of the United States I (4)
The United States as a raw materials producer, as an agrarian society, and as an industrial nation. Emphasis on the logic of the growth process, the social and political tensions accompanying expansion, and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century transformations of American capitalism. Bernstein

HIUS 141/Econ 158B. Economic History of the United States II (4)
The United States as modern industrial nation. Emphasis on the logic of the growth process, the social and political tensions accompanying expansion, and twentieth-century transformations of American capitalism. Bernstein

HIUS 146. Early American Labor History, 1600–1850 (4)
A history of labor systems and activity in early America. The course will address work relations affecting Indians, slaves, artisans, indentured servants, laborers, yeomen, and tenant farmers as well as work culture, political consciousness, labor organization, and working-class protest. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HIUS 147/USP 165. History of the American Suburb (4)
This seminar explores the development of suburbs in America, from the early nineteenth century to the contemporary era. Topics include suburban formation, class, ethnic and racial dimensions, government influences, social life, and cultural responses to suburbia. The class will explore competing theories of suburbanization as it surveys the major literature. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Nicolaides

HIUS 148/USP 103. The American City in the Twentieth Century (4)
This course focuses on the phenomenon of modern American urbanization. Case studies of individual cities will help illustrate the social, political, and environmental consequences of rapid urban expansion, as well as the ways in which urban problems have been dealt with historically. Staff

HIUS 149. The United States in the 1960s (4)
An overview of the social and political developments that polarized American society in the tumultuous decade of the 1960s. Themes include the social impact of the post-war "baby boom," the domestic and foreign policy implications of the Cold War; the evolution of the civil rights and women's movements; and the transformation of American popular culture. D. Gutiérrez

HIUS 150. American Legal History to 1865 (4)
The history of American law and legal institutions. This quarter focuses on crime and punishment in the colonial era, the emergence of theories of popular sovereignty, the forging of the Constitution and American federalism, the relationship between law and economic change, and the crisis of slavery and Union. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Parrish +

HIUS 151. American Legal History since 1865 (4)
The history of American law and legal institutions. This course examines race relations and law, the rise of big business, the origins of the modern welfare state during the Great Depression, the crisis of civil liberties produced by two world wars and McCarthyism, and the Constitutional revolution wrought by the Warren Court. HIUS 150 is not a prerequisite for HIUS 151. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Parrish

HIUS 153. American Political Trials (4)
Survey of politicized criminal trials and impeachments from Colonial times to the 1880s. Examines politically-motived prosecutions and trials that became subjects of political controversy, were exploited by defendants for political purposes, or had their outcomes determined by political considerations. Parrish

HIUS 154. Western Environmental History (4)
This course examines human interaction with the western American environment and explores the distinction between the objective environmental understanding of science and the subjective views of history and historians. The course will also analyze the most compelling environmental issues in the contemporary West. Staff

HIUS 156. American Women, American Womanhood (4)
This course explores the emergence of a dominant ideology of womanhood in America in the early nineteenth century and contrasts the ideal with the historically diverse experience of women of different races and classes, from settlement to 1870. Topics include witchcraft, evangelicalism, cult of domesticity, sexuality, rise of industrial capitalism and the transformation of women's work, Civil War, and the first feminist movement. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HIUS 157. American Women, American Womanhood 1870 to Present
This course explores the making of the ideology of womanhood in modern America and the diversity of American women's experience from 1870 to the present. Topics include the suffrage movement, the struggle for reproductive rights and the ERA; immigrant and working-class women, women's work, and labor organization; education, the modern feminist movement and the contemporary politics of reproduction, including abortion and surrogate motherhood. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HIUS 158/ETHN 130. Social and Economic History of the Southwest I (4)
This course examines the history of the Spanish and Mexican borderlands (what became the U.S. South-west) from roughly 1400 to the end of the U.S.-Mexico War in 1848, focusing specifically on the area's social, cultural, and political development. Staff +

HIUS 159/ETHN 131. Social and Economic History of the Southwest II (4)
(Cross-listed as Ethnic Studies 131.) This course examines the history of the Amnerican Southwest from the U.S.-Mexican War in 1846-48 to the present, focusing on immigration, racial and ethnic conflict, and the growth of Chicano national identity. Gutiérrez, D.

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HIUS 160/260. Industrialization and Early American Society (4)
A course examining the initial stages of industrialization in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Special attention to how various communities and trades responded to the intervention of large-scale capital, machine technology, and the rise of factory methods of production. Staff

HIUS 162/262. The American West (4)
This colloquium will explore critical issues in American social history. Topics and chronological focus will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp required. Nicolaides

HIUS 164/264/ETHN 181. American Slave Communities in Comparative Perspective (4)
Slavery was both a thread of continuity in the history of the Americas and a distinctive institution in specific social settings. The purpose of this course is to examine and discuss readings that explore topics in the emergence, consolidation, and destruction of New World slave regimes in regions of the Caribbean and the United States. Because topics will vary, the seminar may be taken more than once for credit, with consent of the instructor. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Smallwood

HIUS 165/ETHN 182. Segregation, Freedom Movements, and the Crisis of the Twentieth Century (4)
A reading and discussion seminar that views the origins of segregation and the social movements that challenged it between 1890 and 1970 in comparative framework. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HIUS 166/266. Topics in Southern History (4)
Specific topics will vary from year to year, including slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction, the Afro-American experience, race relations. Staff

HIUS 167/267/ETHN 180. Topics in Mexican-American History (4)
This colloquium studies the racial representation of Mexican Americans in the United States from the nineteenth century to the present, examining critically the theories and methods of the humanities and social sciences. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

HIUS 169/269. Topics in American Legal and Constitutional History (4)
A reading and discussion course on topics that vary from year to year, including American federalism, the history of civil liberties, and the Supreme Court. Prere-quisite: consent of instructor. Parrish

HIUS 170/270. Topics in Colonial History (4)
Colloquium on selected topics in late colonial history, with special attention to issues often neglected. Topics will vary from year to year, and the course may therefore be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: department stamp required. Meranze

HIUS 171/271. Topics in the American Revolution (4)
Colloquium dealing with selected topics on the American Revolution and formation of the United States. Themes will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Meranze

HIUS 172/272. Feminist Traditions in America (4)
In this course original documents are used to explore competing definitions of feminism and the diversity of feminist traditions in the United States from the eighteenth century to the present day. Three arenas of feminist activity are considered—women's social and political activism, the female intellectual tradition, and feminist theory. Documents and topics change annually, so course may be repeated for credit. Staff

HIUS 173/273. Topics in American Women's History (4)
The specific content of the course will vary from year to year but will always analyze in depth a limited number of issues in American women's history. Special topics. Staff

HIUS 175/275. Crime, Law, and Society in the United States, 1600–1900
This colloquium, examines the changing relationships between crime, the law, and society in the United States. We will pay particular attention to the changing forms of punishment, perceptions of crime and criminals, and the place of criminal law in the social order. Requirements will vary for undergraduates, M.A., and Ph.D. students. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Meranze

HIUS 176/276. Race and Sexual Politics
This seminar will explore the histories of sexual relations, politics, and cultures that both cross and define racial boundaries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Reading will focus on the United States as well as take up studies sited in Canada and Latin America. Graduate students are expected to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Shah

HIUS 180/ETHN 134. Immigration and Ethnicity in Modern American Society (4)
Comparative study of immigration and ethnic-group formation in the United States from 1880 to the present. Topics include immigrant adaptation, competing theories about the experiences of different ethnic groups, and the persistence of ethnic attachments in modern American society. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Gutiérrez, D.

HIUS 181/281. Topics in Twentieth Century United States History (4)
A colloquium dealing with special topics in U.S. history from 1900 to the present. Themes will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Parrish.

HIUS 182/282. Special Topics in Intellectual History: Politics and Culture in the United States, 1776–1860 (4)
An examination of the cultural and political construction of the American nation. Topics include: how citizenship and national community were imagined and contested; the importance of class, gender, and race in the nation's public sphere; and debates over slavery, expansion, and democracy in defining national purpose. Prerequisites: graduate standing or consent of instructor; department stamp required. Meranze

HIUS 184. Special Topics in American Urban History (4)
This colloquium explores various topics in the history of urban America, including the process of city development, social patterning in urban areas, city life and cultural styles, suburbanization, and the urban west. Topics will vary from year to year. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. Nicolaides

HIUS 186/286. Special Topics in the History of Los Angeles
This course will be a thematic examination of special topics in the history of Los Angeles. Special attention will be paid to weaving together issues of ethnicity, gender, politics, and the environment. Graduate students are expected to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Nicolaides

HIUS 189/289 The Social History of Seafaring in Early America
All American colonies were originally maritime colonies. This seminar examines the history of fishing, whaling, shipping, and freebooting during the age of sail and investigates through primary and secondary sources the experience of living in communities that followed the sea. Course requirements and/or grading will differ for graduate and undergraduate students. Graduate students are expected to submit a more substantial piece of work. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Vickers

HIUS 199. Independent Study in United States History (4)
Directed readings for undergraduates under the supervision of various faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor and department stamp required. Staff

TOPICS

Courses

HITO 100. Religious Traditions: Ancient Near Eastern Religions (4)
A comprehensive study of the ancient religious traditions of the world. The course will cover tribal religions, classical polytheism, and the religion of the ancient Hebrews. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HITO 101. Religious Traditions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam (4)
A comprehensive study of the Western religious traditions. The course will cover Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff +

HITO 102. Religious Traditions: East Asian Religious Traditions (4)
Introduction to the major religious traditions of Asia: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto, and Confucianism. The course will focus on one religion each year. Since special topics will vary from year to year the course may be repeated for credit three times. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Cahill +

HITO 104. The Jews and Judaism in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (4)
The political and cultural history of the Jews through the early modern period. Life under ancient empires, Christianity and Islam. The post-biblical development of the Jewish religion and its eventual crystallization into the classical, rabbinic model. Goodblatt

HITO 105. The Jews and Judaism in the Modern World (4)
Topics include the political emancipation of the Jews of Europe; the emergence of Reform, Conservative, and Modern Orthodox Judaism; hasidism; modern anti-semitism; Jewish socialism; zionism; the Holocaust; the American Jewish community; the State of Israel. Goodblatt

HITO 111/211. Marxian Theory (4)
A survey and examination of the principal writings of Marx concerning economic theory and analysis. Emphasis on the theory of value, production, technical change, reproduction and accumulation. Some consideration will also be made of certain neo-Marxist contributions and critiques. Prerequisite: introductory economics or consent of instructor. Bernstein

HITO 112. The History of Psychoanalysis (4)
A lecture-discussion course tracing the development of psychoanalysis. The late nineteenth-century intellectual context. Freud's major contributions. Psychoanalysis in practice. Post-Freudian transformations. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. J.M. Hughes

HITO 117 World History. 1200–1800
This course examines the interaction between sections of the globe after 1200. It emphasizes factors operating on a transcontinental scale (disease, climate, migration) and historical/cultural phenomena that bridge distance (religion, trade, urban systems). This is not narrative history , but a study of developments that operated on a global scale and constituted the first phase of globalization. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Ringrose +

HITO 121. Geographic Information Systems for Historians and Social Scientists (4)
This course provides an introduction to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in the analysis and display of data of interest to historians and social scientists. Topics include cartographic theory and aesthetics, data collection and retrieval, and training in the use of the ArcView GIS program. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. Staff

Colloquia

The following courses are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduates must receive a departmental stamp or permission of the instructor to register for the course. Requirements for each course will differ for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students.

HITO 162/262. Economic Development in Historical Perspective (4)
An inquiry into economic growth and development as a process of historical transformation. Topics will vary from year to year, but some examples are: the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe and North America; the social and political tensions accompanying the rise of capitalism; the role of the state and the juridical environment in economic development; and the sources and organization of the managerial and financial control of enterprise. Bernstein

HITO 164/264. Gender Differences in Historical Perspective (4)
An inquiry into how over the past century a number of disciplines (principally psychoanalysis, psychology, and anthropology) have treated gender differences. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. J. M. Hughes.

HITO 167/267. Cultural History of the Early Modern Europe and Early America (4)
A comparative examination of the cultural history of early modern Europe and early America (1500–1800), with special emphasis on questions of religion and magic, ritual, print culture, and cross-cultural encounters. Prerequisite: department stamp or consent of instructor. +

HITO 169. History and Historians (4)
An introduction to the history of historical writing. Through discussion of selected readings, the course will focus on such issues as the development of historical thought, the nature of historiographical debates, the interpretation of sources, and the use of theoretical models in writing history. Courses can apply to any concentration within the history major. Prerequisite: upper-division standing. (History majors only.) Staff

HITO 173/273. Time, Space, and the Politics of Development (4)
This course will focus on the idea and practice of development as a way to examine the transformation of spatial and temporal categories in modern society. Topics will range from the conceptual—notions of temporality—to the practical—modernization in the non-West. Topics vary from year to year. Prerequisite: upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Tanaka

HITO 193/POLI 194/COM GEN 194/USP 194. Research Seminar in Washington d.c. (6)
Course attached to six-unit internship taken by student participating in the UCDC program. Involves weekly seminar meetings with faculty and teaching assistant and a substantial historical research paper. Prerequisites: department stamp required; participating in UCDC program. Staff

HITO 194. History Honors (4)
A program of independent study providing candidates for history honors an opportunity to develop, in consultation with an adviser, a preliminary proposal for the honors essay. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of this quarter. A final grade will be given for both quarters at the end of HITO 195. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Department stamp required. Staff

HITO 195. The Honors Essay (4)
Independent study under the supervision of a faculty member leading to the preparation of an honors essay. A letter grade for both HITO 194 and 195 will be given at the completion of this quarter. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Department stamp required. Staff

HITO 196. Colloquium in History (4)
The nature and uses of history are explored through the study of the historian's craft based on critical analysis of historical literature relating to selected topics of concern to all historians. Required of all candidates for history honors and open to other interested students with the instructor's consent. Department stamp required. Staff

HITO 198. Directed Group Study (4)
Directed group study on a topic not generally included in the regular curriculum. Students must make arrangements with individual faculty members. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Staff

HITO 199. Independent Study for Undergraduates (4)
Independent study on a topic not generally included in the regular curriculum. Students must make arrangements with individual faculty members. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisites: upper-division standing and consent of instructor. Staff

Graduate

Graduate standing is a prerequisite for all graduate-level courses.

HIGR 200. History and Social Theory (4)
A weekly reading/writing seminar. Themes include historical sociology and large-scale history, interdisciplinary approaches to history (anthropological, psychoanalytic, etc.), and historical method. Students from all fields welcome, though emphasis primarily on early modern period (1500–1800).

HIGR 201. Theory and Method in Historical Research (4)
A weekly reading/writing seminar that seeks to introduce students to major theoretical and analytical trends in writing of history. Themes will vary but will include interdisciplinary approaches to historical research and method. Students from all fields welcome, although the emphasis in the course will be on the modern era (1789–present). Bernstein and departmental faculty

HIGR 202. An Inquiry Concerning Historical Understanding (4)
This seminar will concern the difficulty of understanding past beliefs which are no longer ours, and the ways in which this recurrent misunderstanding marked the encounter of the other. Our attention will be focused on two historical moments: the Greco-Roman Antiquity (Pagans v. Christians) and the conquest of the New World (Western Europe v. Indians). We will study in parallel primary and secondary sources. Giard

HIGR 203. History of Visual Perception, Cognition and Representation (4)
Visual perception and pictorial representation will be analyzed in the ways they were practiced, considered and conceptualized in diverse historical and cultural contexts. Sources may include narratives, treatises on vision, cognition optics and perspective, maps, illustrations, paintings. Topics will vary from year to year and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Giard

HIGR 205. Feminist Historical Studies (4)
An introduction to feminist historical studies, this course is designed for interested graduate students from all history field groups. Graduate students from other disciplines are also encouraged to participate. The course will provide students a rigorous training in women's history, in the feminist theories that undergird that scholarship, and in the emergent field of gender analysis. The particular content of the course will change from year to year, but each course will include theoretical texts, historical case studies, and primary sources. Readings will be drawn from different times and places. This course is strongly recommended for those preparing minor fields in women's history. The course can be repeated twice for credit.

HIGR 207. Nationalism, Colonialism and Race (4)
A transdisciplinary and comparative course on the interplay of nationalism, colonialism, and race (as well as class and gender/sexuality) in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Texts will include classics by authors such as Franz Fanon, as well as theoretically informed newer works that analyze a variety of national and colonial conditions historically. Fujitani

HIGR 210. Historical Scholarship on Modern Chinese History (4)
This course will introduce students to the monographic literature and the main historiographic controversies of modern Chinese history.

HIGR 211. Historical Scholarship on Modern Japanese History (4)
This course will introduce students to the monographic literature and the main historiographic controversies of modern Japanese history.

HIGR 212. Historical Scholarship on Modern East Asian History (4)
This course will introduce students to the monographic literature and the main historiographic controversies of modern East Asian history.

HIGR 213. Sources on Modern Chinese History (4)
An introduction to Chinese documentary sources and collections on Qing and Republican History. This course will introduce students to the language of Qing documents, and to the contents and uses of imperial documents and archives, documentary collections, periodicals, gazetteers, etc.

HIGR 214. Readings in Japanese on Modern Japan (4)
A one-quarter research and writing course based upon readings in Japanese on modern Japan. Emphasis on selection, collection, and critical evaluation of texts for historical research. Topics will vary from year to year and may be repeated with instructor's permission. Prerequisite: graduate standing or permission of instructor. Fujitani

HIGR 215A-B. Research Seminar in Modern Chinese History (4-4)
A two-quarter research seminar in Chinese history. A paper, based on original research, will be due in the second quarter. Seminar topics will vary. Reading knowledge of Chinese is expected. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 215A is a prerequisite for 215B.

HIGR 216A-B. Research Seminar in Modern Japanese History (4-4)
A two-quarter research seminar in Japanese history. A paper, based on original research, will be due in the second quarter. Seminar topics will vary. Reading knowledge of Japanese is expected. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 216A is a prerequisite for 216B.

HIGR 220. Historical Scholarship on European History, 1500–1715 (4)
Introduction to the historiography of Renaissance, Reformation, and early modern Europe: an overview of methodologies with emphasis on sources and critical approaches. Required for all beginning European history graduate students.

HIGR 221. Historical Scholarship on European History, 1715–1850 (4)
Selected topics in European history from the early modern to the modern era. Readings and discussions focus on issues of methodology and interpretation. Required for all beginning European history graduate students.

HIGR 222. Historical Scholarship on European History, since 1850 (4)
Critical evaluation of selected topics in the period of modern Europe from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Required for all beginning European history graduate students.

HIGR 225. Readings in Modern Russian History (4)
Students will read major works on Revolutionary Russia and Soviet history. Attention will be paid to both classic and revisionist works. Edelman

HIGR 227A-B. Seminar in Spanish History (4-4)
Readings and critical analysis of selected topics and important works in the history of Spain. May be repeated as content changes. Proficiency in Spanish required to repeat course, but not for the first time taken. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisites: fluent reading knowledge of Spanish desired. German or French also desirable. Ringrose

HIGR 230A-B. Research Seminar in Early Modern Europe (4-4)
Selected topics in the period from the sixteenth century through the early nineteenth, with an emphasis on the theory and practice of socio-economic history. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 230A is a prerequisite for 230B.

HIGR 231A-B. Research Seminar in Modern European Intellectual and Cultural History (4-4)
Selected topics in the period of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 231A is a prerequisite for 231B.

HIGR 232A-B. Research Seminar in Modern European Social and Political History (4-4)
Selected topics in the period of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 232A is a prerequisite for 232B.

HIGR 236A-B. Research Seminar in History of Science (4-4)
A two-quarter research seminar comprising intensive study of a specific topic in the history of science. The first quarter will be devoted to readings and discussions; the second chiefly to the writing of individual research papers. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter.

HIGR 237. Topics in the History of Ocean Sciences (4)
(Cross-listed with SIO 201.) Intensive study of specific problems in the history of the ocean sciences, and of related earth and atmospheric sciences, in the modern period. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit. Staff

HIGR 238. Introduction to Science Studies (4)
(Cross-listed as Communication 225A, Philosophy 209A, and Sociology 255A.) Study and discussion of classic work in history of science, sociology of science and philosophy of science, and of work that attempts to develop a unified science studies approach. Required for all students in the Science Studies Program. Prerequisite: enrollment in Science Studies Program.

HIGR 239. Seminar in Science Studies (4)
(Cross-listed as Communication 225B, Philosophy 209B, and Sociology 255B.) Study and discussion of selected topics in the science studies field. Required for all students in the Science Studies Program. May be repeated as course content changes annually. Prerequisite: enrollment in Science Studies Program.

HIGR 240. Colloquium in Science Studies (4)
(Cross-listed as Communication 225C, Philosophy 209C, and Sociology 255C.) A forum for the presentation and discussion of research in progress in science studies, by graduate students, faculty, and visitors. Required for all students in the Science Studies Program. May be repeated as course content changes annually. Prerequisite: enrollment in the Science Studies Program.

HIGR 245A-B-C. Historical Scholarship on Latin American History (4-4-4)
Introduction to the literature of Latin American history. A three-quarter sequence of readings and discussions taught each quarter by members of the staff. Required for all beginning students for a graduate degree specializing in Latin American history; open and strongly recommended to other students using Latin American history as a secondary field for a graduate degree. HIGR 245A covers the colonial period, from conquest to independence to today; HIGR 245B covers South America from independence to today; HIGR 245C covers Mexico, Cuba, and Central America from independence to today. The three quarters need not be taken in sequence. Reading knowledge of Spanish is required.

HIGR 247A-B. Research Seminar in Colonial Latin America (4-4)
A two-quarter course involving readings and research on sixteenth- through eighteenth-century Latin America. Students are expected to compose a paper based on original research that is due in the second quarter. Reading knowledge of Spanish required. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter.

HIGR 248A-B. Research Seminar in Latin America, National Period (4-4)
A two-quarter course involving readings and research; the first quarter is devoted to the nineteenth and the second quarter to the twentieth century. Students are expected to compose a paper based on original research that is due in the second quarter. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Reading knowledge of Spanish and/or Portuguese is helpful but not required.

HIGR 249. Topics in Colonial Latin America (4)
One or two topics in colonial history will be analyzed in depth; reading knowledge of Spanish is expected.

HIGR 250. Topics in the National Period of Latin America (4)
One or two topics in the national period or the national history of one country will be analyzed in depth; a reading knowledge of Spanish is expected.

HIGR 251. Topics in the History of Mexico (4)
One or two topics in the history of Mexico will be examined in depth. A reading knowledge of Spanish is expected. Topics vary from year to year, and students may therefore repeat the course for credit.

HIGR 252. History, Social Evolution, and Intellectuals in the Andes: Mariátegui, Haya de la Torre, and Arguedas (4)
The course will study three major twentieth-century interpreters of Andean history and society. Mariátegui is Latin America's most original socialist intellectual; Haya de la Torre is the founder of Peru's most important party; and Arguedas was the most profound interpreter of the role of Indian peasants in the Andean nations.

HIGR 260A-B-C. Historical Scholarship on Judaic Studies (4-4-4)
Weekly graduate seminar. Faculty and students present results of research. Student research may be towards course work on thesis.

HIGR 261. Seminar in the Hebrew Bible (4)
Systematic reading and rendering of the books of the Hebrew Bible in order. Adequate knowledge of Biblical Hebrew is required. Freedman

HIGR 264. Topics in Pre-Islamic Jewish History (4)
An examination in depth of selected topics in the history of the Jewish people and Jewish civilization in pre-Islamic times. Goodblatt

HIGR 265A-B-C. Historical Scholarship on American History (4-4-4)
A three-quarter sequence of readings and discussions on the bibliographical and monographic literature of American history from the colonial period to the present. Taught by different members of the staff each quarter, the course is required of all beginning graduate students in American history.

HIGR 267A-B. Research Seminar in United States History (4-4)
Readings and discussion in selected areas of American history for advanced graduate students. An IP (in progress) grade will be awarded the first quarter. The second quarter will be devoted to the presentation, discussion, and evaluation of work in progress. A final grade will be awarded at the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 267A is a prerequisite for 267B.

HIGR 272. Seminar in Southern History (4)
Analysis of major works on the history of the southern United States, focusing on social groups, class and race relations, economic development, culture, and politics. An intercampus course taught jointly by participating faculty from UCSD, UCI, and UCR. May be repeated for credit due to the content changing from quarter to quarter. Special topics.

HIGR 273. The Culture of Consumption (4)
(Cross-listed with COGR 240.) This course will explore the development and cultural manifestations of consumerism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Topics will include the rise of museums, the development of mass-market journalism and literature, advertising, and the growth of commercial amusements. Readings focus primarily on the United States. Students will be encouraged to think historically and comparatively. Klein

HIGR 274. Topics in Western American History (4)
This course is a one-quarter colloquium devoted to the examination of major issues in the history of the American West. Topics addressed will include, but not be limited to, the region's social, cultural, environmental, and political history. Historiographical debates will be analyzed, as well as crucial problems related to the definition of the field and region. Students will be expected to participate fully in class discussions and write several essays pertaining to the course themes and readings. Department of History graduate students are encouraged to enroll in research seminar HIGR 275A-B instead of taking this colloquium.

HIGR 275A-B. Seminar in Western American History (4-4)
This course is a two-quarter research sequence in Western American history. The first quarter will cover selected topics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the American West, with an emphasis on the region's social, cultural, environmental, and political history. The second quarter is devoted to the writing of a major research paper in the field. An IP grade will be awarded at the end of the first quarter. Final grade will not be given until the end of the second quarter. Prerequisite: 275A is a prerequisite for 275B.

HIGR 295. Thesis Seminar (4)
For students advanced to candidacy to the doctorate. Discussion, criticism, and revision of drafts of chapters of theses and of work to be submitted for publication.

HIGR 296. M.A. Thesis Direction (8)
Independent work by graduate students engaged in research and writing of thesis.

HIGR 298. Directed Reading (1-12)
Guided and supervised reading in the literature of the several fields of history. This course may be repeated for an indefinite number of times due to the independent nature of the content of the course. (S/U grades permitted.)

HIGR 299. Ph.D. Thesis Direction (1-12)
Independent work by graduate students engaged in research and writing of doctoral theses. This course may be repeated for an indefinite number of times due to the independent nature of thesis writing and research. (S/U grades only.)